Nickel Titanium Alloys / Orthodontic Courses by Indian Dental Academy

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NICKEL TITANIUM WIRES

To obtain fairly rapid tooth
movement, HYALINISED ZONES were
to be avoided or kept to a minimum.

- REITAN

NICKEL TITANIUM WIRES

Ideally orthodontic wires are designed to move teeth
with light, continuous forces.

Stainless steel
Co-cr alloys
Beta titanium
Nickel titanium

NICKEL TITANIUM ALLOYS

Conventional - Nitinol

Superelastic

- Pseudoelastic Japanese NiTi
-Thermoelastic Cu NiTi

TITANIUM
Titanium was discovered by GREGOR
( England 1790 )
BOTHE et al implanted titanium in lab. animals
(1940)

A light weight metal
Atomic weight 47.9
Non magnetic

TITANIUM

Corrosion resistant
Biocompatibility
High strength
Ductility

Two phages

Alpha
Beta

TITANIUM

Alpha phase Hexagonal unit cells
At room temperature

Beta phase Body centered cubic cells
At temperatures above 1620
0
F or 882
0
C
TITANIUM

Alpha type ALPHA TITANIUM (A.J. Wilcock)

Beta type Beta II or ORMCO TMA
Titanium-Niobium wires

Both alpha & beta phases Ti-Al-Fe & Ti-Al-V
TITANIUM
SUPERIOR CORROSION RESISTANCE

A thin complex film Tio
2
gives Ti affinity, a self
adherence that may cause friction.

Titanium is not esthetic

Lacer aided depositions
Implantation of nitrogen ( IONGUARD )

NICKEL-TITANIUM ALLOYS
2 forms of NiTi alloys

1. Martensite - Body centered cubic/tetragonal lattice
2. Austenite Face centered (close packed hexagonal)

R phase Rhombohedral

SMART MATERIALS
NICKEL-TITANIUM
TRANSITION TEMPERATURE RANGE

TTR above the body temperature renders the alloy
austenitic which is more rigid
TTR below the body temperature renders it martensitic
that is super elastic

Austenite wires - 2% of the strain range
Martensitic wires - 8%.
NICKEL-TITANIUM
HYSTERESIS

The range for most binary alloys is 40
0
60
0

Above the TTR the alloy is fully austenitic (Af),by
lowering the temperature martensite will form (Ms)

The temperature at which all the austenite is converted
to martensite is designated as martensite finish (Mf)


PROPERTY AUSTENITE AUSTENITE
YIELD STRENGTH 560 MPa 100 MPa
ELASTIC MODULUS 75 GPa 28 GPa
NICKEL-TITANIUM
NICKEL-TITANIUM
Martensitic transformation of NiTi

FIDUCIARY
LINE

MARTENSITIC TRANSFORMATION
ADDDITIONS and IMPURITIES
Third metal can lower the TTR to as low as 330
0
F
or lower the Hysteresis

Thermally activated alloys contain third metal
(Cu,Co)

Small amounts of Al, Zr, Cr, or Fe will improve the
strength of the martensitic form

NICKEL-TITANIUM

Smaller atoms such as oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon
can not substitute for larger ones,but disrupt the
matrices

Ti
4
Ni
2
O
4
inclusion, which lowers the alloy elasticity
(memory changes) interstitial oxygen causes NiTi
alloys to become susceptible to corrosion
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES

Pseudoelasticity and thermoelasticity of nickel titanium
alloys: A clinically oriented review.Part I:Temparature
transitional changes
SANTORO et al (AJODO June 2001)

SHAPE MEMORY
PSEUDOELASICITY
SUPERELASTICITY

The crystal structure of the alloy will be confirmed by
means of RADIOGRAPHIC DEFRACTION or
DIFFERENCIAL SCANNING CALORIMETRY

STUDY OF RESISTIVITY

RESISTIVITY

SHAPE MEMORY

The ability of material to remember its original shape
after being plastically deformed
A certain shape is set at elevated temperatures (above
the TTR).When the alloy is cooled below the TTR, it
can be plastically deformed but when it is heated
again the original shape is restored.

THERMOELASTICITY
Through deflection and repeated temperature cycles the
wire in the austenitic phase is able to memorise the
preformed shape
Ex; An orthodontic archform

By lowering the temperature the alloy is transformed
into martensite and becomes pliable and easily
deformed
PSEUDO ELASTICITY
A small percentage of martensite
( Intermediate Phase R ) is present in the grain
structure.

Under the conditions of stress Stress induced
martensite ( SIM ) will be formed.

A LOCALISED STRESS RELATED SUPERELASTIC
PHENOMENON


SIM is unstable
In orthodontic clinical applications, SIM forms where
the wire is tied to brackets on malalligned teeth so
that the wire becomes pliable in deflected areas.

In those areas the wire will be super elastic untill
tooth movement occurs.
SUPERELASTICITY

The stress value remains fairly constant up to a certain
point of wire deformation. At the same time
deformation rebounds, the stress value remains
again constant.

It is determined by the typical crystallographic
characteristics of NiTi

STRESS-STRAIN CURVE

A-B shows elastic deformation
of the austenitic phase
B is the stress at which
martensite will form
C-D elastic deformation of
martensite

LOAD- DEFLECTION CURVE


The unique force deflection curve for A-NiTi wire occurs
because of a phase transition in grain structure from
austenite to martensite , in response not to a
temperature change but to applied force.

This transformation is a mechanical analogue to the
thermally induced shape memory effect.
CLASSIFICATION

NiTi orthodontic wires are generally classified as

NON SUPER ELASTIC ( M NiTi )
Nitinol
SUPER ELASTIC ( A-NiTi )
Japanese NiTi ( Sentinol )
WATERS ( 1992 ) divided the compounds into 3 groups based
on their TTRs

1) Group I Alloys with TTR between room temperature and
body temperature. ( Mart active alloys )

2) Group II - TTR below room temperature. (austenitic)

3) GROUP III Alloys with TTR close to body temperature
which by virtue of the shape memory effect spring back to
their original shape when activated by body heat.

III) EVANS and DURNING introduced a even more
comprehensive classification of orthodontic alloys
dividing into 5 groups.

1) Phase 1 Including alloys like gold and ss.
2) Phase II Stabilised
3) Phase III Super elastic active austhentic
4) Phase IV Thermodynamic active martensitic
5) Phase V - Graded thermodynamic.
NITINOL
Laboratory and clinical Analysis Of Nitinol Wire
- G F. Andreasen, R E. Morrow ( AJO Feb 1978 )

Introduction of stainless steel wire appliances.
(1930- 1940)
Nitional ( Early 1960s) - William.F.Buehler, a
research metallurgist at the Naval Ordinance
Laboratory in Silver Springs, Maryland
( Now called the Naval Surface Weapons Center ).
NITINOL

Ni Nickel
Ti Titanium
Nol - Naval ordinance laboratory

It was marketed by Unitek
Clinical use of Nitinol wire started in May 1972 by
G.F.ANDREASEN et al.

NITINOL
SHAPE MEMORY WIRE

Nitinol has the characteristic of being
able to return to a previously manufactured shape
when it is heated to a transition temperature range.

ELASTIC ORTHODONTIC WIRE
Compared with stainless steel Nitinol wire has an
out standing elasticity which is useful for orthodontic
applications.

NITINOL
In orthodontic applications

1 . Requires fewer arch wire changes.
2 . Requires less chair time.
3 . Shortens the time required to accomplish the
rotations and leveling
4 . Produces less patient discomfort.
NITINOL
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES.
Material property Nitinol Stainless steel
Alloy Nickel, Titanium Iron, Chrome,Nickel
Ultimate strength 230,000 to 250,000
p.s.i
280,000 to 300,000
p.s.i
Modulus of elasticity 4.8 x10
6
p.s.i

28.5 x 10
6
p.s.i
NITINOL
BEND TEST
A series of bend and torsion test have been performed
in accordance with the new ADA Specification no.32
on orthodontic wires .
NITINOL

NITINOL
TORSION TEST
A comparison between nitinol and stainless steel wires.

NITINOL
STORED ENERGY COMPARISONS
Stored energy of Nitinol wire is significantly greater
than an equivalent SS wire.this comparison was
based upon the wires being bent 90 degrees

NITINOL

NITINOL
CLINICAL APPLICATIONS
Class I ,II,III malocclusions in both extraction and non
extraction cases

NITINOL

The most important benefits from Nitinol wire are
realised when a rectangular wire is inserted early in
the treatment.
Simultaneous rotation, leveling, tipping,and
torquing can be accomplished earlier with a resilient
rectangular wire,

Cross bite correction
Uprighting impacted canines
Opening the bite

NITINOL

NITINOL
LIMITATIONS

1.Nitinol cannot be bent with sharp cornered
instruments.

2. It will readily break when bent over a sharp edge.

3.The bending of loops or omega bends are not
recommended. ( especially closing loops ).

NITINOL

4 . Nitinol cannot be soldered or successfully
welded to it self with out annealing the wire, because
the bending of tieback hooks entails a high risk of
failure.

5 . Cinch backs distal to the buccal tubes are easily
accomplished by flame annealing .Care should be
taken not to over heat the wire.
JAPANESE NITI
The super - elastic property of the Japanese NiTi
alloy wire for use in orthodontics.
- Fujio Miura et al ( AJODO July 1986 )
In 1978 Furukawa electric co.ltd of Japan
produced a new type of alloy

1. High spring back.
2. Shape memory.
3. Super elasticity.
JAPANESE NITI
TESTS
1. Examination of mechanical property of the wire.

1. Tensile test

2. Bending test

2. Measurements of the influence of specific treatment
on the wire.

JAPANESE NITI
1. Tensile test

Tensile testing was performed
first because it is the most
acceptable method.

Co-Cr-Ni, Nitinol ,
Ss and Japanese NiTi.

JAPANESE NITI

JAPANESE NITI
Bending test
3 point bending test was conducted in a specially
designed situation similar to the conditions involved
in moving teeth in the oral cavity.

JAPANESE NITI
Measurement of the influence of special heat
treatment on the wire.
A comparative analysis was conducted for this
property before and after being subjected to heat
using a .016 inch Japanese NiTi alloy wire.

Nitrate salt bath .
200
0
c , 300
0
c, 400
0
c, 500
0
c, and 600
0
c.
5, 10, 60, and 120 min.
20 different variations.

JAPANESE NITI
RESULTS

The effects of temperature were negligible up to
500
0
c .
Super elasticity can be influenced by temperature
and time.

It is possible to modify the amount of orthodontic
force in an individualised segment of the arch wire.

CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS
0.016 medium preformed arch wire was tied into the
lateral incisor and canine bracket.

INITIAL

TWO MONTHS LATER

NITI COIL SPRINGS

TOOTH MOVEMENT RANGE- 0.5 mm per week .
Force range 75 to 100 gms.
NiTi coil springs .
The concept of NiTi coil springs was suggested in
1975.
1. Open coil springs.
2. Closed coil springs.

STUDIES ON THE JAPANESE NiTi ALLOY COIL
SPRINGS -F.Miura et al ( AJODO AUGUST 1988 )

study conducted to evaluate the efficiency and
mechanical properties of closed & open coils as well
as stainless steel coil springs.

10 mm Closed coil springs- tensile test .
50 mm Open coil spring- compression test.

FACTORS THAT AFFECT THE MECHANICAL
PROPERTIES OF SPRINGS.

1. Diameter of the wires super elastic activity.
2. Size of the lumen 1/ super elastic activity.
3. Martensite transformation temperature super
elastic activity.
4. Pitch of the open coil spring when it is changed
from fine to coarse, the load value of super elastic
activity remains same but range increases.

Closed coil spring

After 5 months


Open coil spring

After 3 months

MOLAR DISTALIZATION WITH SUPER ELASTIC NiTi
WIRE.
- R.LOCATLLI et al ( JCO 1992 MAY ) .
100gms neosentalloy wire .
Markings
1. Distal wing of first pre molar bracket.
2. 5 to 7mm distal to the
anterior opening of the molar
tube.
3. Between the lateral
incisors and canines.
Crimp a stop to the wire at
each mark

Insert the wire into the
molar tube until the stop
abuts the tube

INITIAL AFTER 4 MONTHS
NICKEL TITANIUM DOUBLE
LOOP SYSTEM
- GIANCOTTI
( JCO APRIL 1998 )

After second molar erupts
80g Neosentalloy arch wire
2 sectional arch wires
New application of superelastic NiTi rectangular wires
F.Miura, Mogi, Y.Okamoto ( JCO sept 1990 )

FINISHING WIRES

NEOSENTALLOY can be used in the initial phases
It has 3 dimensional tooth control.

FACTORS CONTROLLING FORCE LEVEL

HEAT TREATMENT Changes force levels,and
memory properties

COMPOSITION OF THE ALLOY Lowering the ratio
of the nickel decrease the force level
INDIVIDUALISED PRESURGICAL ARCH FORMS
- MIURA et al

Before surgery After surgery
ADVANTAGES

Provides 3 dimensional control
Effective in surgical orthodontic cases
Eliminates need to change arch wires frequently

DISADVANTAGES
Bracket friction will be more when large wires are used

BIOEFFICIENT THERAPY
ANTHONY.D.VIAZIS ( JCO Sept 1995 )

Superelasticity Llight constant force levels

Shape memory Easy arch wire placement

REFRIGERENT SPRAY ENDO ICE
SENTALLOY INTER ARCH COIL SPRINGS
WIRE SELECTION

Wire flexibility will be more
in vertical direction than
horizontal direction
ORIGINAL SUPERELASTIC WIRES ( ROUND
SENTALLOY )
Light, medium, & heavy force levels
RECTANGULAR NEOSENTALLOY
I generation:
1OOg, 200g, & 300g force levels
II generation:
80g force in the central incisor
region(alignment)
320g force in the molar region (posterior
leveling)

BIOFORCE IONGUARD WIRES

3-micron nitrogen coating that is produced by ion
bombardment of the wire surface.

Reduce 1.Friction
2. Breakage
3.Release of nickel into the mouth .

DIRECT ELECTIC RESISTANCE HEAT
TREATMENT METHOD (DERHT)
ARCHMATE


COPPER NiTi
VARIABLE TRANSFORMATION TEMPERATURE
ORTHODONTICS - ROHIT C. L. SACHDEVA.

Variable cross sectional orthodontics.

Variable modulus concept

- BURSTONE
COPPER NiTi
VARIABLE TRANSFORMATION
TEMPERATURE THERMO MECHANICS

Stress induced martensite

Martensite transformation is also
temperature dependent

COPPER NiTi
AUSTENITIC FINISH TEMPERATURE ( Af ) should
be lesser then body temperature.This difference
determines the force generated by nickel titanium
alloys.
Af can be controlled by affecting the composition ,
thermo mechanical treatment &manufacturing
process of the alloy.
COPPER NiTi
COPPER NiTi
Introduced by Rohit sachdeva

It has the advantage of generating more constant
forces than any other super elastic nickel titanium
alloys.

More resistant to deformation.

Smaller mechanical hysteresis
COPPER NiTi

QUATERNARY METAL Nickel, Titanium, Copper,
Chromium

CLASSIFICATION

Type I Af 15
0
c
Type II Af - 27
0
c
Type III Af - 35
0
c
Type IV Af - 40
0
c

COPPER NiTi
Type II wire

1. Generates the highest forces .

2. Average or higher pain threshold.

3. Normal periodontal health.

4. Rapid tooth movement is required.
COPPER NiTi
TYPE III WIRE

1. Low to normal pain threshold.

2. Slightly compromised periodontium.

3. When relatively low forces are desired.
COPPER NiTi III
CORRECTION AFTER WEEKS
COPPER NiTi IV

TYPE IV WIRE

1. Intermittent forces .
2. Patients who are sensitive to pain.
3. Compromised periodontal conditions.
4. Patients co operation is very less.
5. Beneficial as an initial rectangular wire

COPPER NiTi IV
CORRECTION AFTER 6 WEEKS
COPPER NiTi
OPTIMAL TOOTH MOVEMENT FORCE.

The ideal arch wire would not exhibit any hysteresis,
thus providing equal loading ( engaging ) &
unloading ( tooth driving forces ).

Copper enhances thermal reactive properties and
creates a consistent unloading force.
COPPER NiTi
Earlier shape memory wires have partially met these
goals.

eg : a partially corrected rotation .

A major cause of this deficiency is the hysteresis that
severly limits the working range of super elastic arch
wires.
Difficulty in setting constant TT while manufacturing
.
COPPER NiTi
ADVANTAGES OF COPPER NiTi ALLOYS OVER
OTHER NiTi WIRES

1. Smaller loading force for the same degree of
deformation.( 20% less )
2. Reduced hysteresis makes to exert consistent
tooth movement and reduced trauma.
3. Consistent TT has ensured consistency of force
from batch to batch of arch wires results in affective
tooth movement.

CHINESE NITI WIRE
CHINESE NiTi wire - A new orthodontic wire
- C. J. BURSTONE ( AJO JUNE 1985 )

Dr. TIEN HUA CHENG et al at the General Research
Institute for Non- Ferrous Metals in Beijing China
( Late 1980s ).

Chinese NiTi wire has much lower transitional
temperature than NiTi wire.
CHINESE NITI WIRE

CANTILEVER APPARATUS

0.016 SS, Nitinol and A-NiTi
were submitted to a flexural
test

CHINESE NITI WIRE

3 Characteristics

1. The spring back.

2. Stiffness

3. Maximum movement.
CHINESE NITI WIRE
SPRING BACK
The range of action of the wire.

For 80
0
activation

SS 16
0
Nitinol 52
0
Chinese NiTi - 73
0

CHINESE NITI WIRE
STIFFNESS

The force or movement
produced for each unit
Activation

CHINESE NITI WIRE
The magnitude of force increases if the wire is retied
into a bracket.

1500
1000
500
0
20 40 60 80
CHINESE NITI WIRE
THE MAXIMUM MOVEMENT.
.
WIRE MOVEMENT SPRING
BACK
%RECOVERY
SS 3,067 16 20
NITINOL 2,112 52 65
NITI 1,233 73 91
CHINESE NITI WIRE
TEMPERATURE DEPENDENT CHANGES

CHINESE NITI WIRE
TIME DEPENDANT CHANGES.
The wires remained tied between 3 brackets for periods
of 1 minute,1 hour and 72 hours.

CHINESE NITI WIRE
CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE

1. Applicable in situations where large deflections are
required.
2. When tooth are badly malpositoned.
. 3. Nitinol wire deformation is not time dependent
4.Middle range of deactivation forces are useful in
designing an appliance with constant forces.
Effects Of Cold Disinfectants On The Mechanical
Properties And The Surface Topography Of Nickel
Titanium Arch Wires.
- J.E.BUCKTHAL & R.P.KUSY ( AJODO 1988 )

1. High cost
2. Super elasticity

Heat sterilisation is the most reliable method of
destroying pathogens.

Nitinol is susceptible to a pitting type of
corrosion attack.
Sterilant solutions;
1. 2% acidic gluteraldehyde ( Banicide )
2. Chlorine dioxide ( Exspor 4:1:1 )
Disinfectant solution;
3. Iodophor ( Wescodyne )
Wires tested;
12 Straight 1 inch length of rectangular
0.017 X 0.025 Nitinol and Titanol

4 GROUPS;
0 ( Control )
1 ( Group 1 )
2 ( Group 2 )
3 ( Group 3 )

BEND,
TENSILE and
LASER SPECTROSCOPY
SUMMERY
No significant changes were detected .
The results supported the use of cold disinfectant
procedures.

NICKEL HYPERSENSITIVITY REACTION
Strong biologic sensitizer

SYMPTOMS;
Contact dermatitis
contact stomatitis
Angular chelitis
Severe gingivitis
Mild erythema with or without edema

Nickel hyper sensitivity reaction before, during, and
after orthodontic therapy.
-G.R.P.JANSON et al ( AJODO JUNE 1998 )

.170 patients of both sexes were examined .
3 groups
A - Before
B - During
C - After
5% Nickel Sulfate in white petrolium
RESULTS

Orthodontic treatment with SS does not induce a
nickel hypersensitivity reaction.

Frequency in females is 4 times more than in males

Association between personal history of allergic
reaction & nickel hypersensitivity
BETA - TITANIUM
Beta titanium: A new orthodontic alloy
C.J.BURSTONE& A.J.GOLDBERG ( AJO Feb 1980)
ORMCO CORPORATION

3 characteristics

1. Spring back - High
2. Stiffness - Low
3. Formability - High

BETA - TITANIUM

Beta titanium was introduced by Dr. CHARLES
BURSTONE and JON GOLDBERG in the university of
CONNECTICUT ( Early 1980s )

Composition
Titanium - 73.5%
Molybdenum - 11.5%
Zirconium - 6%
Tin - 4.5 %
BETA - TITANIUM
At temperatures below 1625
0
F hexagonal
Closed packed crystal form.

Yield strength - 55 X 10
3
p.s.i
Modulus of elasticity - 15.5 X 10
6
p.s.i

Spring back - YS = 0.35 X 10
2
E
SS - 1.1 X 10
2

BETA - TITANIUM
At temperatures above 1625
0
F pure titanium
rearranges into body centered cubic lattice
- BETA PHASE

BETA STABILISED ALLOYS ( molybdenum or
columbium )

Yield strength 1,70,000 p.s.i
Modulus of elasticity 9,400.000 p.s.i

YS/E -1.8X10
-2

BETA - TITANIUM
TEST FOR SPRING BACK

TINIUS OLSEN STIFFNESS TESTER
inch span of wire
A. Straight wires
B. Wires with 35
0
bend
C. Wires which are over bent to 90
0
and then bent
back to 35
0

BETA - TITANIUM

MODE STAINLESS
STEEL
BETA
TITANIUM
PERCENT
INCREASE
A
16.0 32.8 105%
B
16.5 31.3 90%
C
17.5 37.3 113%
BETA - TITANIUM
ADVANTAGES:

Low stiffness
Good formability
High spring back
Weldable
Ductile
Corrosion resistance

BETA - TITANIUM

Ideal edgewise arches can be deflected twice than SS
allows greater range of action and useful for

Initial tooth alignment
Finishing arches
Forces - 0.4% of SS

Eg; 0.018 x 0.025 TMA = 0.014 x 0.020 SS
BETA - TITANIUM

Highly ductile

Tieback loops
Complicated
bends
BETA - TITANIUM

LOOPS

T Vertical
Helical
L loop
BETA - TITANIUM
ROTATION INTRUSION
BETA - TITANIUM

BETA - TITANIUM

Direct welding of auxillaries

Helical finger spring
BETA - TITANIUM
Welding of TMA wire
- C.J.BURSTONE ( JCO Sept 1987 )

5 basic principles;
1. Proper positioning
2. Minimum voltage
3. Small contact area
4. Single short pulse
5. Pressure

ROCKY MOUNTAIN DIAL-A-WELD 506A

1. POSITIONING

SET DOWN OF 80%

25 - 60 %
2. VOLTAGE

3. SMALLER CONTACT AREA

4. SINGLE PULSE

5. PRESSURE
Improper welding

Low voltage - The parts may delaminate

High voltage - Wire become brittle
Cracks
Melting

PASSIVE APPLICATIONS

ACTIVE APPLICATIONS

SPACE CLOSURE
To gain space in
The anterior
Segment
ROTATIONAL
CORRECTION
TO INCLUDE SECOND MOLARS
ALPHA TITANIUM
- WILCOCK company
TITANIUM - 90%
ALUMINIUM - 6%
VANADIUM 4%

Close packed hexagonal lattice
ALPHA stabilising elements Aluminum, Gallium,
Germanium, Carbon, Oxygen and Nitrogen

NEAR ALPHA ALLOY
ALPHA BETA PHASE

ALPHA TITANIUM
PROPERTIES;

Heat treated to improve strength
Satisfactory creep properties Finishing & breaking
arches
wire becomes hard in the oral environment due to
hydrogen absorption
TITANIUM HYDRIDE
Less ductile one slip plane
Nickel free

TITANIUM-NIOBIUM
A new finishing wire alloy
M. Dalstra et al ( COR 2000 July )

Nickel free Titanium alloy
(SYBRON DENTAL SPECIALITIES. CALIFORNIA )

Ti - 82% Ti - 74%
Mo - 15% ( or) Nb - 13%
Nb - 3% Zr - 13%
TITANIUM-NIOBIUM

PROPERTIES

Easy to bend, fomability is less than TMA
When lower forces are used than TMA
Stiffness of SS,
- of TMA
Load deflection rate is lower than TMA
Yield strength is lower than SS
TITANIUM-NIOBIUM
ADVANTAGES;

Substitute for SS
No leaching of nickel

CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS;

Finishing wire with multiple bends
Fixed retainers ( Biocompatible )

COMPOSITE WIRES

The future of orthodontic materials
ROBERT.P.KUSY (AJODO Jan 1998)
Metals
Polymers
Ceramics
Advantages are realised
Disadvantages are minimised

METAL-
CERAMIC
METAL-
POLYMER
CERAMIC-
COMPOSIRE
POLYMERS
METALS
CERAMICS
SEMI
CONDUCTORS
COMPOSITE WIRES
In orthodontics

composite prototypes of arch wires, ligatures,
brackets - S-2 glass fibers ( ceramic )
- Acrylic resins ( polymer )

Esthetically pleasing because they tend to transmit
the colour of host teeth
Strong & Springy

COMPOSITE WIRES
PULTRUSION
The process of manufacturing components of
continuous lengths & a constant cross sectional
shape
Eg; Arch wires

Bundles of continuous fibers are impregnated with a
polymeric resin pulled through a sizing die

Then passed through a curing die that imparts a
precise shape ( Electro magnetic radiation )
COMPOSITE WIRES
The characteristics of the arch wires can be changed by
- PULTRUSION

Round
Rectangular
Ligature wires Polyethylene fiber + Acrylic resin
2 times stronger than SS
Lose most of their tying force in
less than 3 hrs

Comparison of unidirectional fiber reinforced polymeric
composites to NITI alloys in bending
COMPOSITE WIRES

ADVANTAGES;
patients with allergic reactions with nickel
Esthetic than previous wires
Better strength & springiness

DISADVANTAGES;
Shape can not be changed

COMPOSITE WIRES
OPTIFLEX WIRES
A composite ceramic fiber-plastic-nylon ( ORMCO )

Dr.TALASS

COMPOSITE WIRES
Structure Clear optical fiber made of 3 Layers

A. Silicon dioxide core
- Force
B. Silicon resin middle
layer
- Protection from
moisture
C. Nylon layer
- Prevents from
damage
COMPOSITE WIRES
The wire can be ROUND or RECTANGULAR

Wide range of action
Light continuous force
Sharp bend must be avoided
Highly resilient - Effective in the alignment of
crowded teeth
TIMOLIUM WIRES
Improved titanium wires

1. FRICTION
2. RESISTANCE TO BREAKAGE
1. FRICTION
Smooth surface texture

Less friction

Accelerate treatment time

TIMOLIUM WIRES
2. RESISTANCE TO BREAKAGE

Surface defects

Yield strength

Compressive strength

BETA III WIRES
Introduced by RAVINDRA NANDA
Bendable
High force
Low deflection rate
Co-efficient of friction is more
Nickel free titanium wire with memory
Ideal for multilooping, cantilever, utility arches

First choice of wire for finishing stages where tip
& torque corrections fully accomplished during initial
stages.
NICKEL TITANIUM PALATAL EXPANDER
CORRECTION OF POSTERIOR CROSS BITES
- Skeletal expansion
- Dental expansion

The goal of palatal expansion is to maximise skeletal
movement and minimise dental movement.

EXPANSION APPLIANCES
- Rapid palatal expansion appliances
- Slow expansion appliances

RAPID PALATAL EXPANSION APPLIANCES ( RPE)
- Produce large forces at the suture site over
a short period.

Conventional RPE appliances
1. Uncomfortable
2. Require patient co- operation
3. Laborious
4. Inefficient because of the intermittent
nature of their force application

Slow expansion appliances

- Light , continuous forces
- Best physiologic changes ( Both orthopedic and
orthodontic )
- Produce a widening rather than an actual
separation of the suture.

W.V.ARNDT ( JCO 1993 )

Tandem loop, nickel titanium ,
temperature activated palatal expander.
- Light continuous pressure on the
mid palatal suture .
( Simultaneous uprighting , rotating , and distalising
the maxillary first molars )

THE ACTION OF THE APPLIANCE

- A consequence of nickel titanium s shape memory
and transition temperature effects.

The nickel titanium expander has a transition
temperature of 94
0
F.

Below TTR Metal is flexible
Above TTR Metal stiffen

BELOW 20
0
C AT TTR
8 Different intermolar widths
( 26mm 47mm )

Forces ranging from 180 300gms
26 32mm - Softer wires that produce lower force
levels for younger patients

3mm will be added for overcorrection


Passive
appliance
Initial
activation
After
expansion
COMPLETE
MAXILLARY
RIGHT
CROSSBITE
A comparison of dental and dento- alveolar changes
between rapid palatal expansion and nickel titanium
expansion appliances.
- C. CIAMBOTTI et al ( AJODO JAN 2001 )

The objectives;
To compare Amount of mid palatal suture separation
- Alveolar process tipping
- Maxillary first molar tipping
- Maxillary first molar rotation
- Palatal depth changes


Mixed or early permanent dentition.

12 patients treated with RPE appliances ( 6 males, 6
females with an average age of 11.1 yrs )
Duration 127 days

13 patients treated with NiTi palatal expansion
appliances. ( 3 males, 10 females with an average of
9.4 yrs )
Duration 153 days

RPE APPLIANCE A tooth borne appliance

Mid palatal jack screw

Activation 0.5mm, 2 times per day

Expansion Occlusal aspect of lingual cusp of
maxillary first molar contacted the occlusal aspect of
buccal cusp of mandibular first molar.
NiTi EXPANDER

A tandem loop temperature activated appliance ( GAC
International ) designed by ARNDT

The proper size was selected by measuring the inter
molar width and then adding 3 to 4mm

Tetrafluoroethane refrigerant


NiTi expander

RME
RESULTS
1. Palatal width change
- RPE group is 28 %
- In NiTi group 16 %.
2. Buccal tipping of the alveolar process
- RPE group 5.08
0
.
- NiTi group 6.61
0
3. Molar rotation
- RPE group 1.58
0
- NiTi group 26.61
0

4. Radiographic evidence shows that mid palatal
suture separation is less obvious in the NiTi group
than RPE group.

5. No correlation between age and amount of dento-
alveolar expansion.

6. RPE appliance widened the palate more reliably,
NiTi appliance tipped the molars buccally.

A review of contemporary arch wires: Their
properties and characteristics
- ROBERT KUSY ( AO JUNE 1997 )

CHARACTERSTICS OF THE IDEAL ARCH WIRE
Ideally archwires are designed to move teeth with
light continuous forces

No one wire is best for all stages
CRITERIA OF AN
IDEAL ARCH WIRE
Esthetic
Good range
Poor
Biohost
Tough
Good
Spring back
Low
friction
Weldable
Springy
Formable
Biocompatible
Resilient
Strong
APPLYING ARCH WIRES

During initial stages
- great range and light forces

VARIABLE CROSS SECTION ORTHODONTICS
- Multistranded stainless steel wire

Variable modulus orthodontics
- NiTi alloy wire

Intermediate stages of treatment

Beta titanium alloys
Larger sizes of Nitinol

( under sized stainless steel wire if sliding
mechanics are required )


FINAL STAGES OF TREATMENT

More arch stability and less tooth movements

- Large gauges of beta titanium or
- Stainless steel wires
A comparative study of metallurgical and working
properties of two new titanium based alloy wires
(TiMolium and Beta III ) with the earlier introduced
titanium wires ( TMA ), and also alpha titanium wires
- Jiku Abraham
TiMolium T.P.Orthodontics
Beta III - Ortho organizers
TMA - Ormco corp.
Alpha Titanium A.J. WILLCOCK

Straight rectangular wires

GROUP I
4 wires in 16x 22 dimension
GROUP II
GROUP III
Properties studied are
1. Yield, tensile strength & elastic modulus
2. Maximum load via 3-point bending test
3. Frictional resistance
4. Welding characteristics
5. Stress relaxation
6. Working range / spring back
7. Surface topography
8. Micro hardness
9. Elemental analysis

INSTRON MODEL NO.1193 Expr. Setup for
Yield strength &
ultimate tensile strength
Manufacturers claim that;

TiMolium is superior to TMA wires in the
following;
1. Friction and surface smoothness
2. Compressive strength
3. Yield strength & breakage resistance

Beta III is bendable , high force low deflection,
nickel free arch wire with memory.

Results of the study showed that
The coefficient of friction, surface smoothness,yield
strength & ultimate tensile strength of TiMolium was
superior to that of TMA .
However TMA has low load deflection rate and high
spring back than TiMolium .
Yield strength of Beta III was lower than TMA and
TiMolium
Formability is good but resiliency is low.
CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS OF THIS STUDY;

1. Correction of crowding or alignment of teeth -
TMA > Beta III

2. Intrusion -
TMA shows a better stress relaxation
TMA > TiMolium .
3. Space closure

Sliding mechanics -
TiMolium shows lowest values of coefficient of
friction in both static as well as kinetic friction.
TiMolium > Alpha titanium

Frictionless mechanics
Formability - Beta III > TMA > TiMolium
Resilience - TiMolium > TMA > Beta III

WELDABILITY

TiMolium > Beta III

FINISHING STAGES

Incomplete tip, torque correction
Beta III > TMA > TiMolium


Thank you

For more details please visit

Nickel Titanium Alloys / Orthodontic Courses by Indian Dental Academy

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