Work, Power & Energy

Chapter 4
Explaining the Causes of
Motion in a Different Way
Work
The product of force and the amount of
displacement along the line of action of
that force.



Units: ft
.
lbs (horsepower)
Newtonmeter (Joule) e
nt displaceme Force Work =
Work = F x d
To calculate work done on an object, we
need:
The Force
The average magnitude of the force
The direction of the force
The Displacement
The magnitude of the change of position
The direction of the change of position
Calculate Work
During the ascent phase of a rep of the
bench press, the lifter exerts an
average vertical force of 1000 N
against a barbell while the barbell
moves 0.8 m upward
How much work did the lifter do to the
barbell?

Calculate Work
Table of Variables:
Force = +1000 N
Displacement = +0.8 m

Force is positive due to pushing upward
Displacement is positive due to moving
upward
Calculate Work
Table of Variables:
Force = +1000 N
Displacement = +0.8 m
Select the equation and solve:

( ) ( )
J Joule Nm Work
m N Work
nt displaceme Force Work
800 800 800
8 . 0 1000
=
+ + =
=
- & + Work
Positive work is performed when
the direction of the force and
the direction of motion are the
same
ascent phase of the bench press
Throwing a ball
push off (upward) phase of a jump
Calculate Work
During the descent phase of a rep of
the bench press, the lifter exerts an
average vertical force of 1000 N
against a barbell while the barbell
moves 0.8 m downward

Calculate Work
Table of Variables
Force = +1000 N
Displacement = -0.8 m

Force is positive due to pushing upward
Displacement is negative due to movement
downward

Calculate Work
Table of Variables
Force = +1000 N
Displacement = -0.8 m
Select the equation and solve:

( ) ( )
J Joule Nm Work
m N Work
nt displaceme Force Work
800 800 800
8 . 0 1000
=
+ =
=
- & + Work
Positive work
Negative work is performed
when the direction of the force
and the direction of motion are
the opposite
descent phase of the bench press
catching
landing phase of a jump
Contemplate
During negative work on the bar, what is
the dominant type of activity
(contraction) occurring in the muscles?
When positive work is being performed
on the bar?
EMG during the Bench Press
On elbow
180

90
Work performed climbing
stairs
Work = Fd
Force
Subject weight
From mass, ie 65 kg
Displacement
Height of each step
Typical 8 inches (20cm)
Work per step
650N x 0.2 m = 130.0 Nm
Multiply by the number of steps

Work on a stair stepper
Work = Fd
Force
Push on the step
????
Displacement
Step Height
8 inches
Work per step
???N x .203 m = ???Nm
Work on a cycle ergometer
Work = Fd
Force
belt friction on the flywheel
mass (eg 3 kg)
Displacement
revolution of the pedals
Monark: 6 m
Work per revolution
Work on a cycle ergometer
Work = Fd
Force
belt friction on the flywheel
mass (eg 3 kg)
Displacement
revolution of the pedals
Monark: 6 m
Work per revolution
3kg x 6 m = 18 kgm
Similar principle for wheelchair
and for handcycling
ergometer
Energy
Energy (E) is defined as the capacity to do
work (scalar)
Many forms
No more created, only converted
chemical, sound, heat, nuclear, mechanical
Kinetic Energy (KE):
energy due to motion
Potential Energy (PE):
energy due to position or deformation

Kinetic Energy
Energy due to motion reflects
the mass
the velocity
of the object

KE = 1/2 mv
2

Kinetic Energy
Units: reflect the units of mass * v
2



Units KE = Units work
Nm KE
m s s m kg KE
s s m m kg KE
s m kg KE
mv KE
2
1
) / / (
2
1
/ /
2
1
) / )( (
2
1
2
1
2
2
=
- - =
- - =
=
=
Calculate Kinetic Energy
How much KE in a 5
ounce baseball (145 g)
thrown at 80 miles/hr
(35.8 m/s)?
Calculate Kinetic Energy
Table of Variables
Mass = 145 g 0.145 kg
Velocity = 35.8 m/s
Calculate Kinetic Energy
Table of Variables
Mass = 145 g 0.145 kg
Velocity = 35.8 m/s
Select the equation and solve:
KE = m v
2

KE = (0.145 kg)(35.8 m/s)
2
KE = (0.145 kg)(1281.54 m/s/s)
KE = (185.8 kg m/s/s)
KE = 92.9 kg m/s/s, or 92.9 Nm, or 92.9J
Calculate Kinetic Energy
How much KE possessed by
a 150 pound female
volleyball player moving
downward at 3.2 m/s after
a block?
Calculate Kinetic Energy
Table of Variables
150 lbs = 68.18 kg of mass
-3.2 m/s
Select the equation and solve:
KE = m v
2

KE = (68.18 kg)(-3.2 m/s)
2

KE = (68.18 kg)(10.24 m/s/s)
KE = (698.16 kg m/s/s)
KE = 349.08 Nm or J


Calculate Kinetic Energy
Compare KE possessed by:
a 220 pound (100 kg) running back
moving forward at 4.0 m/s
a 385 pound (175 kg) lineman moving
forward at 3.75 m/s
Bonus: calculate the momentum
of each player
Calculate Kinetic Energy
Table of Variables
m = 100 Kg
v = 4.0 m/s
Select the equation
and solve:
KE = m v
2
KE = (100 kg)(4.0
m/s)
2

KE = 800 Nm or J

Table of Variables
m = 175 kg
v = 3.75 m/s
Select the equation
and solve:
KE = m v
2
KE = (175)(3.75)
2
KE = 1230 Nm or J


Calculate Momentum
Momentum = mass times velocity

Player 1 = 100 kg * 4.0 m/s
Player 1 = 400 kg m/s

Player 2 = 175 * 3.75 m/s
Player 2 = 656.25
Potential Energy
Two forms of PE:
Gravitational PE:
energy due to an objects position
relative to the earth
Strain PE:
due to the deformation of an
object
Gravitational PE
Affected by the objects
weight
mg
elevation (height) above reference point
ground or some other surface
h
GPE = mgh

Units = Nm or J (why?)
Calculate GPE
How much gravitational
potential energy in a 45 kg
gymnast when she is 4m
above the mat of the
trampoline?
Take a look at the energetics of a roller coaster
Calculate GPE
How much gravitational potential energy
in a 45 kg gymnast when she is 4m
above the mat of the trampoline?
Trampoline mat is 1.25 m
above the ground
Calculate GPE
GPE relative to mat
Table of Variables
m = 45 kg
g = -9.81 m/s/s
h = 4 m
PE = mgh
PE = 45kg * -9.81
m/s/s * 4 m
PE = - 1765.8 J
GPE relative to ground
Table of Variables
m = 45 kg
g = -9.81 m/s/s
h = 5.25 m
PE = mgh
PE = 45m * -9.81
m/s/s * 5.25 m
PE = 2317.6 J
More on this
Conversion of KE to GPE and
GPE to KE and KE to GPE and
Strain PE
Affected by the objects
amount of deformation
greater deformation = greater SE
Ax
2
= change in length or deformation of
the object from its undeformed position
stiffness
resistance to being deformed
k = stiffness or spring constant of material
SE = 1/2 kAx
2


Strain Energy
When a fiberglass vaulting pole bends,
strain energy is stored in the bent pole


Pole vault explosion

Strain Energy
When a fiberglass vaulting pole bends,
strain energy is stored in the bent pole
Bungee jumping

Strain Energy
When a fiberglass vaulting pole bends,
strain energy is stored in the bent pole
Bungee jumping
Hockey sticks

Strain Energy
When a fiberglass vaulting pole bends, strain
energy is stored in the bent pole
Bungee jumping
When a tendon/ligament/muscle is stretched,
strain energy is stored in the elongated
elastin fibers (Fukunaga et al, 2001, ref#5332)
k = 10000 n /m x = 0.007 m (7 mm), Achilles
tendon in walking
When a floor/shoe sole is deformed, energy
is stored in the material


.
Plyometrics
Work - Energy Relationship
The work done by an external force
acting on an object causes a change in
the mechanical energy of the object
( ) ) (
2
1
2
i f i f
r r mg v v m Fd
PE KE Fd
Energy Fd
+ =
A + A =
A =
Work - Energy Relationship
The work done by an external force
acting on an object causes a change in
the mechanical energy of the object
Bench press ascent phase
initial position = 0.75 m; velocity = 0
final position = 1.50 m; velocity = 0
m = 100 kg
g = -10 m/s/s
What work was performed on the bar by lifter?
What is GPE at the start & end of the press?
Work - Energy Relationship
What work was performed on the bar by lifter?
Fd = A KE + A PE
Fd = m(v
f
v
i
)
2
+ mgh
Fd = 100kg * - 10 m/s/s * 0.75 m
Fd = 750 J
W = Fd
W = 100 kg * .75m
W = 75 kg m
W = 75 kg m (10) = 750 J
Work - Energy Relationship
What is GPE at the start & end of the press?
End (ascent)
PE = mgh
PE = 100 kg * -10 m/s/s * 1.50 m
PE = 1500 J
Start (ascent)
PE = 100 kg * -10 m/s/s * 0.75m
PE = 750 J
Work - Energy Relationship
Of critical importance
Sport and exercise = A velocity
increasing and decreasing kinetic energy of a
body



similar to the impulse-momentum relationship
( ) ) (
2
1
2
vi vf i f
r r mg v v m Fd
PE KE Fd
Energy Fd
+ =
A + A =
A =
Ft = m (v
f
-v
i
)
Work - Energy Relationship
If more work is done, greaterA energy
greater average force
greater displacement
Ex. Shot put technique (121-122).
If displacement is restricted, average
force is __________ ? (increased/decreased)
giving with the ball
landing hard vs soft
Power
The rate of doing work
Work = Fd





Units: Fd/s = J/s = watt
velocity Force Power
t Fd Power
time Work Power
- =
=
=
/
/
Calculate & compare power
During the ascent phase of a rep of the
bench press, two lifters each exert an
average vertical force of 1000 N
against a barbell while the barbell
moves 0.8 m upward
Lifter A: 0.50 seconds
Lifter B: 0.75 seconds
Calculate & compare power
Lifter A
Table of Variables
F = 1000 N
d = 0.8 m
t = 0.50 s
Lifter B
w
s
J
Power
s
m N
Power
t
Fd
Power
1600
50 . 0
800
50 . 0
8 . 0 1000
= =
-
=
=
Power on a cycle ergometer
Work = Fd
Force: 3kg
Displacement: 6m /rev
Work per revolution
3kg x 6 m = 18 kgm
60 rev/min
min / 1080 " "
min / 60 18 " "
min / " "
/ " "
kgm Power
kgm Power
rev Fd Power
t Fd Power
=
- =
- =
=
Power on a cycle ergometer
Work = Fd
Force: 3kg
Displacement: 6m /rev
Work per revolution
3kg x 6 m = 18 kgm
60 rev/min
min / 1080 " "
min / 60 18 " "
min / " "
/ " "
kgm Power
kgm Power
rev Fd Power
t Fd Power
=
- =
- =
=
1 Watt = 6.12 kgm/min
Compare power in typical
stair stepping
Work = Fd
Force: Push on the step
constant setting
Displacement
Step Height: 5 vs 10
0.127 m vs 0.254 m
step rate
56.9 /min vs 28.8 /min
Time per step
60s/step rate

Thesis data from Nikki Gegel
and Michelle Molnar
Compare power in typical
stair stepping
Work = Fd
Force: Push on the step
constant setting
Displacement
Step Height: 5 vs 10
0.127 m vs 0.254 m
step rate
56.9 /min vs 28.8 /min
) 08 . 2 / 254 (.
) 05 . 1 / 127 (.
10
5
s m F Power
s m F Power
v F Power
inch
inch
- =
- =
- =
Compare power in typical
stair stepping
Work = Fd
Force: Push on the step
constant setting
Displacement
Step Height: 5 vs 10
0.127 m vs 0.254 m
step rate
56.9 /min vs 28.8 /min
s m F Power
s m F Power
v F Power
inch
inch
/ 122 . 0
/ 121 . 0
10
5
- =
- =
- =
Results: VO
2
similar fast/short
steps vs slow/deep steps