Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
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MODULE 14
Prepared by:
Engr. Jo-Ann C. Viñas
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OBJECTIVES:
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DIGITAL TRANSMISSION
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DIGITAL TRANSMISSION
Transmission Medium
Digital Digital
Information Information
Transmitter Receiver
Wire, cable,
fiber optic, etc
DAC
ADC
1. Noise immunity
2. Better suited to processing and multiplexing
3. Uses signal regeneration than signal amplification
4. Simpler to measure and evaluate
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DIGITAL TRANSMISSION DISADVANTAGES
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PULSE MODULATION
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STEP 1: PAM PROCESS
Signals to be Mixed
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STEP 2: PAM PROCESS
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2. PULSE WIDTH MODULATION
time
3. PULSE POSITION MODULATION
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FIGURE 3: PPM SIGNAL
4. PULSE CODE MODULATION
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PULSE MODULATION
WHERE:
• Analog Signal
• Sample Pulse
• PWM
• PPM 18
• PAM
• PCM
SIMPLEX PCM TRANSMISSION
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PCM TRANSMIT BLOCKS
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PCM DECODER
STEPS TO PRODUCE PCM
1. Sampling
2. Quantizing
3. Encoding
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BANDLIMITING
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1. SAMPLING
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TYPES OF SAMPLING
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A. NATURAL SAMPLING (Gating)
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FIGURE 4: NATURAL SAMPLING
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B. FLAT-TOP SAMPLING
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FIGURE 5: FLAT-TOP SAMPLING
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FIGURE 6: SAMPLE AND HOLD CIRCUIT
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FIGURE 7: INPUT AND OUTPUT WAVEFORMS OF
SAMPLE AND HOLD CIRCUIT
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EXAMPLE
For the sample and hold circuit, determine the largest value
capacitor that can be used. Use an output impedance for Z1 of 10
Ω , an on resistance for Q1 of 10 Ω , an acquisition time of 10
µ sec, a maximum peak to peak input voltage of 10V, a maximum
output current from Z1 of 10mA, and an accuracy of 1%.
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NYQUIST SAMPLING THEOREM
fs ≥ 2 f m
where:
fm= highest modulating signal
fs = sampling frequency
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FIGURE 8: OUTPUT SPECTRUM OF SAMPLE
AND HOLD CIRCUIT
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3-BIT PCM CODE
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SIGN MAGNITUDE CODES
The codes currently used for PCM, where MSB is the sign bit and
the remaining bits are used for magnitude
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FOLDED BINARY CODE
- The codes on the bottom half of the table are a mirror image of
the codes in the top half, except for the sign bit.
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3-BIT PCM CODE
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QUANTIZATION INTERVAL
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FIGURE 9
where:
a. Analog input signal c. PAM
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b. Sample pulse d. PCM
FIGURE 10
where:
a. Analog input signal c. PAM signal 42
b. Sample pulse
EXAMPLE
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EXAMPLE
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2. QUANTIZATION
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QUANTIZING BY USING SIGN AND
MAGNITUDE
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QUANTIZATION ERROR/NOISE
- The quantized levels are those fixed levels that are the nearest
to f(s) at the point the sample is taken.
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QUANTIZATION ERROR
Vmin
Qe =
2
Resolution
Qe =
2
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LINEAR INPUT VS.OUTPUT TRANSFER
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RESOLUTION
Vmax
Resolution =
2n
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DYNAMIC RANGE
DR = Vmax / Vmin
DR = 2n -1
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EXAMPLE
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EXAMPLE
a) 0110101
b) 0000011
c) 1000001
d) 0111111
e) 1000000
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EXAMPLE
Code Resolution
10111000 0.1
00111000 0.1
10011100 0.05
00011100 0.05
00110101 0.02
11100000 0.02
00000111 0.02
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EXAMPLE
a. DR = 24 dB
b. DR = 48 dB
c. DR = 72 dB
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CODING EFFICIENCY
Where
β min β min = min # of bits (including the sign bit)
η = X 100 % β max = actual # of bits (including the sign
β max bit)
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EXAMPLE
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3. ENCODING
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FROM ANALOG SIGNAL TO PCM DIGITAL
CODE
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SIGNAL-TO-QUANTIZATION NOISE
SQR(dB) = 10 log V 2
/R
(q2/12)/R
Where:
R = resistance
V = rms voltage
q = quantization interval
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EXAMPLE
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EXAMPLE
Determine the SQR for the following input signal and quantization
noise magnitudes:
Vs Vn(V)
1 Vrms 0.01
2 Vrms 0.02
3 Vrms 0.01
4 Vrms 0.2
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LINEAR PCM CODES
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FIGURE 11: LINEAR PCM CODES
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NON LINEAR PCM CODES
- the step size increases with the amplitude of the input signal
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FIGURE 12: NONLINEAR PCM CODES
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LINEAR VERSUS NON LINEAR PCM CODES
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MIDTREAD QUANTIZATION
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MIDRISE QUANTIZATION
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IDLE CHANNEL NOISE
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MASTERY EXERCISE
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MASTERY EXERCISE
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SEATWORK
a) 2kHz
b) 5kHz
c) 12kHz
d) 20kHz
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SEATWORK
fa(kHz) fs(kHz)
3 4
5 8
6 8
5 7
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SEATWORK
3. For the sample and hold circuit, determine the largest value of
the capacitor that can be used for the following parameters: Z1
output impedance = 15ohms, an on resistance of Q1 of 15
ohms, an acquisition time of 12 microseconds, a maximum
output current from Z1 of 10mA, an accuracy of 0.1%, and a
maximum change in voltage in dv = 10V.
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SIMPLEX PCM TRANSMISSION
SAMPLE
SAMPLE ANALOG-TO-
ANALOG-TO- PARALLEL-TO-
PARALLEL-TO-
BANDPASS
BANDPASS AND
AND DIGITAL
DIGITAL SERIAL
SERIAL
FILTER
FILTER HOLDCIRCUIT
HOLD CIRCUIT CONVERTER
CONVERTER CONVERTER
CONVERTER
ANALOG
INPUT
SIGNAL
SAMPLE CONVERSION LINE SPEED
PULSE CLOCK CLOCK
SERIAL SERIAL
PCM CODE REGENERATIVE
REGENERATIVE REGENERATIVE
REGENERATIVE PCM CODE
REPEATER
REPEATER REPEATER
REPEATER
PARALLEL
DATA
SERIAL-TO-
SERIAL-TO- DIGITAL-TO-
DIGITAL-TO- LOWPASS
LOWPASS
PARALLEL
PARALLEL ANALOG
ANALOG HOLDCIRCUIT
HOLD CIRCUIT
FILTER
FILTER
CONVERTER
CONVERTER CONVERTER
CONVERTER ANALOG
OUTPUT
SIGNAL
LINE SPEED CONVERSION
CLOCK CLOCK
FIGURE 8: OUTPUT SPECTRUM OF SAMPLE
AND HOLD CIRCUIT
2fs - fa
fs - fa fs + fa 3fs - fa
2fs + fa
3fs + fa
AUDIO
0 fs 2fs 3fs frequency