Module 05

Grammar Review 05
Salengke, Ph. D.
Agricultural Engineering, Hasanuddin University
Modal Auxiliary
Modals are used to indicate something which is
potential or uncertain.
Modals are auxiliary thus they are never used with do,
does, or did.
Modals must be followed by simple form of verb (verb
word).
will would (used to)
can could
may might
shall should (ought to, had better)
must (have to) (had to)
Examples:
I will go fishing this afternoon.
I will be fishing this afternoon.
I will have been gone for fishing at 5 this
afternoon.
You all can score 500 on TOEFL easily.
All students must finish their study in seven years.
I may leave early today.
I may be leaving at 1 pm.
I may have been leaving after 1 pm.
Negation of Modals
Use particle not after the modals to make a modal
negative.
I will eat after sunset.
I will not eat until sunset.
You must do the project by yourself.
You must not ask help from others to do the project.
I can reach the summit of Bawakaraeng in three hours.
I cannot reach the summit of Bawakaraeng in three hours.
Questions with Modals
To make a question with modals, put the modal
at the beginning of the sentence.

Could you help me with these boxes?
Would you like some coffee?
Should we wakeup this early for sahur?
Will
Will indicates future certainty

John will begin the job tomorrow
Maria will leave in January
Conditional Sentences
Conditional sentences usually contain the word if.
The modals will, would, can, and could often appear in
conditional sentences.
Two types of conditionals:

Factual or habitual conditional is used when the speaker
expresses an action or situation which will occur or usually
occur if conditions in the main clause are met.

Hypothetical or contrary to fact conditionals expresses
a situation that would take place or would have taken place
if the circumstances expressed were or had been different.
Real Conditions (Possibly true)
word verb
must
may
can
will
tense present simple S if +

+ + + ...
Examples:
If I have the money, I will buy a new car.
I will buy a new car if I have the money.
If I have the time, I will go.
I will go if I have the time.
Future Time
Real Conditions (Possibly true)
Habitual
... ... tense present simple tense present simple S if + + +
Examples:
If the doctor has morning office hours, he visits his patients in the hospital in the
afternoon. (no modal)
John usually walks to school if he has enough time.
If you go to the post office, please mail this letter for me.
Please call me if you have any news.
Command
) ( ... verb of form simple form command tense present simple S if + + +
Unreal Conditions (Not true)
Present or Future time
f orm simple in verb
might
could
would
tense past simple S if +

+ + + ...
Examples:
If I had the time, I would go to the library tomorrow.
He would tell you about it if he were here.
If he didnt speak so quickly, you could understand him.
If I were rich, I would buy a Hummer.
Unreal Conditions (Not true)
Past Time
participle
verb have
might
could
would
perf ect past S if + +

+ + + ...
Examples:
If we had known that you were there, we would have
written you a letter.
She would have sold the house if she had found the
right buyer.
If we hadnt lost our way, we would have arrived
sooner.
Unreal Condition without if
Use auxiliary had before the subject.
The had clause usually come first in the sentence.
... + + +
III
Verb S had
Examples:
Had we known that you were there, we would have
written you a letter.
Had she found the right buyer, she would have sold the
house.
as if / as though
These conjunctions indicate something unreal or
contrary to fact.
The verb that follows these conjunctions must
be in the past tense or past perfect.
The past tense of verb be in a contrary to fact
statement must be were and NEVER was.
as if / as though
...
past present
Verb S
though as
if as
Verb S + +
)
`

+ +
Examples:
The old lady dresses as if it were winter.
Angelique walks as though she studied modeling.
He acts as though he were rich.
He talks as if he knew about the matter.
as if / as though
perfect past past
Verb S
though as
if as
Verb S + +
)
`

+ +
Examples:
Betty talked about the contest as if she
had won the grand prize.
Jeff looked as is he had seen a ghost.
He looked as though he had run ten miles.
as if / as though
If the conjunction as if and as though
indicate something that may have happen
(real), the previous rules do not apply.

Examples:
He looks as if he has finished the test. (Perhaps he has
finished the test.)
He looked as though he was leaving. (Perhaps he was
leaving).
hope / wish
The verb hope is used to indicate something
that possibly happened or will possibly
happen. It can be followed by any tense.
The verb wish is used to indicate something
that definitely did not happen or definitely
will not happen. This verb MUST NOT be
followed by any present tense verb or
present tense auxiliary.
Examples:

We hope that they will come. (We dont know if they are
coming).
We wish that they could come. (They are not coming).
We hope that they came yesterday (We dont know if they
came)
We wish that they had come yesterday. (They didnt come
yesterday.)
I wish that I had had money to buy bluechip-stocks when the
stock market was down.
I wish I were smart.
Wish is very similar to unreal condition
Present unreal condition: If I were rich, I would be
very happy

Present wish: I wish I were rich

Past unreal condition: If you had worked hard last
year, you would not have been here this semester.

Past wish: I wish that you had worked hard last year.
Future wish
... ) (

+ +
+
+
+ + + +
ing verb were
verb would
verb could
S that wish S
Examples:
We wish that you could come tonight.
I wish that you would stop saying that.
She wishes that she were coming with us.
Present wish
... ) ( tense past simple S that wish S + + + +
Examples:

I wish that I had enough time to finish my project.
I wish that I were smart enough to go to Harvard.
They wish that they didnt have to go to class
during Ramadan.
Past wish
)
`

+
+ + + +
III
V have could
perfect past
S that wish S ) (
Examples:

I wish that I had finished my report last week.
She wishes that she could have finished her
Ph.D. last summer.
We wish that we had had more time last night.
Past time habit
Would can also be used to indicate past time habit.

Examples:

When I was in graduate school, I would be in
a library until midnight.
When she were young, she would spend her
weekends in a beauty salon.


Past time habit
used to means the same as would in this usage.
It can never be use to.
| |
| |...
....
ing verb to used
get
be
S
f orm simple in verb to used S
+ + +
)
`

+
+ +
When David was young, he used to swim once a day.
John is used to swimming every day.
John got used to swimming every day.
The program director used to write his own letters.
George is used to eating at 7:00 pm.
We got used to cooking our own food when we were in college.
The man is used to reading his newspaper in the morning.
would rather
Would rather means the same as prefer.
Would rather must be followed by a verb, while
prefer may or may not be followed by a verb.
Would rather is followed by than when two
things are mentioned, but prefer is followed by
to.
John would rather drink Coca-Cola than orange juice.
John prefers drinking Coca-Cola to drinking orange juice.
John prefers Coca-Cola to orange juice.
Present



Past







... ] [ from simple in verb rather would S + +
John would rather go to class tomorrow than today.
... ] [ participle past in verb have rather would S + + +
John would rather have gone to class yesterday than today.
Present Subjunctive




Present contrary to fact
] [
2 1
from simple in verb S that rather would S + + +
I would rather that you call me tomorrow.
We would rather that he take a bus.
... ] [
2 1
tense past simple in verb S that rather would S + + +
I would rather that you all worked hard for this class.
The farmers would rather that it were rainy season these
months.
His parents would rather that he studied at Harvard.
Past contrary to fact
...
2 1
perfetc past S that rather would S + + +
His parents would rather that he had enrolled at Harvard last year.
The farmers would rather that it had rained last month.
I would rather that you all had worked hard for this class.
Negation with would rather
Examples:

John would rather not go to class tomorrow.
John would rather not have gone to class yesterday.
John would rather that you not call him tomorrow.
Contrary to fact sentences
Present: use didnt + [verb in simple form]
Past: use hadnt + [verb in past participle]

Examples:
John would rather stay home tonight.
We would rather that you call tonight.
Mayra would rather drink coffee than Coke.
Ricardo would rather not be here.
Ritsuko would rather that we didnt leave now
Henry would rather that his sister didnt work in the same
department as he does.
John would rather that Jill had nor gone to Mexico last week.
Would like
Often used in invitations
It can also mean want
Incorrect to say Do you like ? To invite
somebody to do something.
Examples:
Would you like to dance with me?
I would like to visit Japan
We would like to order now, please.
The president would like to be re-elected.
Smart kids would like to study Medicine at
John Hopkins University.
Would you like to go hiking this weekend?
Could / May / Might