Connective tissue, Ligaments

& Raphe
Dr. Pankaj Maheria
 Connective tissue
• Connective tissue is a widely distrbuted
general type of connective tissue which
support, binds and protects special tissues
of the body.
• Component:
– Cellular
– Extra cellular
 Constituents elements
• Cells
• Matrix
– Fibers
– Ground substance
 Cells
• Fibroblast
• Macrophages
• Plasma cells
• Mast cells
• Fat cells ( Lipocytes , Adipocytes)
• Pigment cells
 Extra cellular matrix
• Collagen or white fibres
• Elastin or yellow fibres
• Reticulin fibres
• Ground substance
 Type of connective tissue
• Ordinary connective tissue
1. Irregular connective tissue
a) Loose connective tissue
b) Dense connective tissue
c) Adipose tissue
2. Regular connective tissue
Fasciae, ligament, tendons and aponeuroses
• Special connective tissue
1. Mucoid tissue
2. Pigmented connective tissue
3. Bone
4. Cartilage
 Functions
• binding (packing)
• Compartmentalization.
• support
• Physical and immunologic protection.
• storage
• strength
• transport
• repair
 Ligament
• Fibrous bands which connects the
adjacent bones , forming integral parts of
joints.
• They are tough and unyielding but at the
same time are the flexible and pliant.
 Type of ligament
• Accroding to their composition
– Most of the ligament are mad of collagen
fibres. These are inelastic and unstretchble
– Few lig. Like the ligamenta flava and
ligaments of auditoy ossicles are made up of
elastin fibres . These are elastic and
stretchble
 Type of ligament
• Accodning to their relation to joint
– Intrinsic ligaments
• Extracapsular
• Intracapusalr
– Extrinsic ligaments
 Morphology
• Degenerated tendons of the related
muscles.
 Blood and nerve supply
• Blood vessels and nerve of the joint ramify
on its ligaments and supply them
• Most ligaments serve as sense organ
because of their rich nerve supply
 Function
• Maintaining the stability at joint
• Their sensory function makes them
important reflex organs , so that their joint
satbilizing role is far more efficient.
 Applied anatomy
• Sprain
• Joint satbility is lost in neuropathic joint, as
occur in tabes dorsalis, syringomyelia,
leprosy, etc
 Raphe
• A linear fibrous band formed by
interdigitation of tendinous or aponeurotic
ends of the muscle.
• It differs from lig in that it is stretchable.
• Linea alba, pterygomandibular raphe,
mylohyoid raphe, pharyngeal raphe,
anococcygeal raphe, etc
 Applied anatomy of connective
tissue.
• Collagen diseases
• Inflamation n injuries of the connective tissues
are very painful because of its nerve supply or
associate muscle spasm. Relief of pain in these
disorder is marked delayed due to poor blood
supply.
• Marfan’s syndrome :
– Hereditary disease
– Mesodermal and ectodermal dysplasia
–