Pengantar Ekologi dan Biosfer

I. Ruang Lingkup Ekologi

A. Interaksi antara organisme dan lingkungan
sekitarnya

1. Ekologi adalah ilmu pengetahuan yang mempelajari
hubungan antara organisme dengan lingkungannya.

a. Interaksi menentukan distribusi dan kemelimpahan
organisme.

b. Dua pertanyaan utama di dalam ekologi:
- Dimanakah organisme itu hidup? & Mengapa?
- Berapa banyak organisme ditemukan di lingkungannya? & Mengapa?


Peta Distribusi Tapir
Tapirus indicus

2. Lingkungan mempunyai dua komponen : Komponen
abiotik dan komponen biotik.

- Komponen abiotik adalah komponen tak hidup seperti
bahan kimia dan faktor fisik seperti temperatur, cahaya,
air dan bahan nutrisi.

- Komponen Biotik adalah oraganisme hidup yang ada di
lingkungan.

3. Penelitian Ekologi memiliki skala mulai dari
Individu sampai Biosfer

a. Ekologi organisme melihat hubungan antara satu
organisme dengan lingkungannya.

b. Ekologi Populasi melihat hubungan antara
sekelompok organisme yg berasal dari 1 spesies
dengan lingkungannya.

c. Ekologi komunitas melihat hubungan antara
sekelompok organisme dari berbagai spesies di area
lingkungan tertentu.


d. Ekosistem adalah semua faktor abiotik ditambah
dengan semua organisme yang hidup di area tertentu

Landscape ecology- Interaksi diantara beberapa
ekosistem.

e. Biosfer adalah ekosistem global / seluruh dunia.

II. Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi distribusi
organisme


- Biogeography adalah studi tentang perubahan
distribusi suatu spesies di masa lalu dan masa kini.


A. Kemampuan Dispersal Spesies memiliki kontribusi
pada distribusi organisme

Dispersal adalah proses distribusi / perpindahan
individu didalam wilayah geografis tertentu.

Pertanyaan: Apakah distribusi spesies dibatasi oleh
kemampuan dispersalnya, misal oleh kemampuan
pergerakan organisme itu ?

Jawabannya bisa diketahui lewat transplant
experiment.

Jika transplant berhasil, maka organisme bisa
mencapai wilayah target suatu saat nanti.
Jika transplant gagal, maka ada faktor lain yang
membatasi organisme tersebut seperti kompetitor,
tidak ada sumber pakan dsb.
B. Perilaku dan pemilihan habitat memiliki
pengaruh pada distribusi organisme

1. Organisme tidak hidup di semua habitat yang
ada. Mengapa ?


C. Faktor biotik mempengaruhi distribusi

1. Pollinator, mangsa, predator, kompetitor
D. Faktor Abiotik factors mempengaruhi distribusi

1. Abiotic factors of interest include:

- Temperature (range from 0 to 45 C)

- Water

- Sunlight

- Wind (increases heat & water loss)

- Rocks and soil

Fig. 50.13
Copyright 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Local and seasonal effects on climate.
Bodies of water and topographic features such as
mountain ranges can affect local climates.
Ocean currents can influence climate in coastal
areas.
Mountains affect rainfall greatly.
Fig. 50.14
Copyright 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings


b. Lake stratification and mixing alters oxygen
and nutrient levels. Dependent on temperature
changes and effect on water density.



Aquatic and terrestrial biomes
(Biome = major ecosystem type)
A. Aquatic biomes cover about 75% of the earths surface
- Wetlands
- Lakes
- Rivers, streams
- Intertidal zones
- Oceanic pelagic biome
- Coral reefs
- Benthos


Oligotrophic Lake: Nutrient poor, water is clear,
oxygen rich; little productivity by algae, relatively
deep with little surface area.
Eutrophic lake: nutrient
rich, lots of algal
productivity so its oxygen
poor at times, water is
murkier often a result of
input of agricultural
fertilizers
Rivers and Streams: Organisms need adaptations
so that they are not swept away by moving water;
heavily affected by man changing the course of
flow (E.g. dams and channel-straightening) and by
using rivers to dispose of waste.
Wetlands: includes marshes, bogs, swamps, seasonal ponds.
Among richest biomes with respect to biodiversity and
productivity. Very few now exist as they are thought of often
as wastelands.
Estuary: Place where freshwater stream or river merges
with the ocean. Highly productive biome; important for
fisheries and feeding places for water fowl. Often heavily
polluted from river input so many fisheries are now lost.
Marine environment with zonation.
Intertidal Zone: Alternately
submerged and exposed by
daily cycle of tides. Often
polluted by oil that decreases
biodiversity.
Coral Reefs: occur in neritic
zones of warm, tropical
water, dominated by
cnidarians (corals); very
productive, protect land
from storms; most are now
dying from rise in global
temperatures
Deep-sea vent: Occurs in benthic zone; diverse, unusual
organisms; energy comes not from light but from
chemicals released from the magma.
B. Terrestrial biomes
- Tropical forest
- Savanna
- Desert
- Chaparral
- Temperate grassland
- Temperate deciduous forest
- Coniferous forest
- Tundra



Tropical Forest: Vertical stratification with trees in
canopy blocking light to bottom strata. Many trees
covered by epiphytes (plants that grow on other plants).
Example of Tropical, Dry
Forest

Desert: Sparse rainfall (< 30 cm per year), plants and
animals adapted for water storage and conservation. Can
be either very, very hot, or very cold (e.g. Antarctica)
Chaparral: Dense, spiny, evergreen shrubs, mild rainy
winters; long, hot, dry summers. Periodic fires, some
plants require fire for seeds to germinate.
Temperate Deciduous Forest: Mid-latitudes with moderate
amounts of moisture, distinct vertical strata: trees,
understory shrubs, herbaceous sub-stratum. Loss of
leaves in cold, many animals hibernate or migrate then.
Original forests lost from North America by logging and
clearing.
Coniferous forest: Largest terrestial biome on earth, old
growth forests rapidly disappearing, usually receives lots
of moisture as rain or snow.
Tundra: Permafrost (Permanent frozen ground), bitter
cold, high winds and thus no trees. Has 20% of land
surface on earth.