Influence of Heat Transfer On The Drying of Porous Media. - Pore Scale Modeling

Thermal Process Engineering
Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg
Germany

DFG Graduiertenkolleg 828
Micro-Macro-Interactions in Structured Media and
Particle Systems

V. K. Surasani, T. Metzger, E. Tsotsas

INFLUENCE OF HEAT TRANSFER ON THE DRYING OF
POROUS MEDIA. PORE SCALE MODELING

DFG
GKMM-Work Shop, Helmstedt
Influence of heat transfer on drying of porous media.- Pore scale modeling , Surasani, Metzger, Tsotsas, GKMM Work Shop, Helmstedt
Drying of porous materials
Examples and advantages of drying
Plastics
Coffee
Introduction
Food
Wood
To prevent
Microbiological
Activities.
<10-12% moisture
preserve inherent
quality, prevent
breakage during
transportation
and grading.
For quality
processing
of plastics.
To prevent
material
inconsistencies
in the
end-product.
Retaining the taste,
appearance, and
nutritive value
of fresh food.
Better than canning
and freezing for
preservation.
To increase
dimensional stability.
<15 % of moisture
increases its
strength
by 50%
1
Introduction
2
Porous media
Solid material with irregularly shaped and
positioned pores.
Usually, structural properties are averaged
over representative volume
Realization of void space
Geometry
Mechanism of transport
Introduction
Convection
Diffusion and conduction.
Adsorption .
Phase change
The coupling of mass and heat transfer

Continuous models
Introduction
3
Fundamental draw backs in continuous models
Transport mechanisms at micro level.
Cluster formation (dry and wet patch formations)
Effective parameters as functions of liquid saturation (e.g. diffusivity,
permeability etc.)
Accounts geometry of pore space
Motivations
Introduction to pore network models
Overview of presentation
2-D square network data structure (geometry).

Model of heat and mass transfer for convective drying.

Explaining solution method through transport mechanisms.

Simulation results of kinetics and phase and temperature evolutions
during drying for mono-modal and bimodal networks.

Comparison between convective and convective and contact
heating modes

4
Pore network
Modeling
Consists of throats
Connected with nodes (pores)
Each pore is associated with
a control volume
Randomly distributed
throat radius

Geometry
5
Pore
Evaporation
Control volume
Throat
Assumptions
Top surface is open

Air velocity is constant

Modeling
6
S
o
l
i
d

N
e
t
w
o
r
k

tot
L
Boundary Layer
1 2 1 3
tot
L
Sh= =0.664Re Sc
BL

N =
L
tot
uL
Re =
v,
P

B
o
u
n
d
a
r
y

L
a
y
e
r

S
o
l
i
d

N
e
t
w
o
r
k

v,
P

B
o
u
n
d
a
r
y

L
a
y
e
r

Convective air at T

Convective air at T

S
o
l
i
d

N
e
t
w
o
r
k

v,
P

B
o
u
n
d
a
r
y

L
a
y
e
r

Contact heating T
C
=T

a) Convective heating
b) Convective and contact heating
Modeling
7
Heating modes
v,
P

S
o
l
i
d

N
e
t
w
o
r
k

B
o
u
n
d
a
r
y

L
a
y
e
r

tot
L
8
Modeling
Partially filled pore
Gas pore
Liquid pore
Partially filled throat

Gas throat

Liquid throat

Isolated throat
*
v,i i
(P (T))
v,i
(P )
l,i
(P )
Pore and throat conditions
Constant total pressure in gas phase.
Quasi-steady diffusive vapor transport
during emptying of throat.
Liquid transfer due to capillary force.
Liquid viscosity is neglected in the model.
Local thermal equilibrium between
different phases within control volume
Heat transfer only due to conduction.

Non-isothermal model
9
Vapor mass balance equations
2
ij ij
A = r
4
v,i
v
v,ij ij
j j
v,j
P-P
PM
M = A ln =0
L RT P-P
| |
|
|
\ .

For pore network
For boundary layer
ij
A = LW
Modeling
L
L
w
i j
j
j
j
cv
A
ij
r
4 4
*
ij i j ij j
j=1 j=1
g (lp -lp ) = g lp

v
lp ln(P-P ) =
-
- = G LP LP
Heat transfer equations
Fouriers law of heat conduction
Enthalpy balance over control volume i
10
Enthalpy of control volume
Thermal conductivities and heat capacities depend on throat saturations
L
L
w
i j
j
j
j
cv
A
ij
r
i j
ij cv,ij ij
(T-T )
Q = A
L
2 2
cv,ij ij cv,ij ij s ij ij l
A =(A - r ) + r S
4 4
2 2
i p i i ij p s ij ij p l
1 1
L L
V(C ) V r (C ) r S (C )
2 2
j j = =
| |
= +
|
\ .

4 lm
i
ij v,i ev,ij
j=1 j=1
dH
= - Q - h M
dt

i i p i i ref
H = V (C ) (T-T )
Modeling
Heat transfer coefficient from analogy
between heat and mass transfer
Coupling of heat and mass transfer
Equilibrium vapour pressure at
menisci for vapor transfer
Capillary pressure the menisci
Heat transfer in boundary layer
From boundary layer theory
surf surf
Q = A(T -T )
*
v
P (T)
c
2(T)
P =
r
1
3
b
Pr
=
Sc
| |
|
\ .
11
g
P
*
v
P (T)
l
P
Modeling
l g c
P =P -P ((T))
Solution Method
12
Throat with highest liquid pressure
pumps liquid to all remaining
evaporating throats in the same cluster
Assumptions
Quasi-steady empting of throats

Capillary forces dominate over viscous forces

Liquid transport
w ij,c
m,c
mt
ev,ij,c
1
V
t =
M
c,ij
P is lowest
Liquid flow
Evaporation
Volume evaporated
in time At
m,1
t
m,3
t
m,2
t
m, min m,1 m,2 m,3
t =min(t ,t ,t )
Cluster labeling and minimum mass transfer time step
13
To know the connectivity of liquid phase, to find menisci for which liquid
pressure must be compared for the minimum mass transfer time step At
m, min
.
Solution Method
Dynamic heat transfer by explicit scheme
By assuming discrete time step
Due to small time steps it will cost lot of computation time
14
4 4
i j
i
ij ij v,i v,ij
j=1 j=1
(T-T )
dH
= - A - h M
dt L

4
i j '
t
i i ij ij v,i ev,ij
j=1
i p i
(T-T )
t
T = T + -A -h M
V(c ) L
(
(

2
p i
t
ij
j
(C ) L
t <
min m,min t
t =min(t ,t )
Criteria:
Solution Method
Drying algorithm flow sheet
, c ij
P
15
Data Structures,
Initial and Boundary Conditions
Solve linear system for vapor transport and compute
minimum mass transfer time step At
m, min

Cluster Labeling
Calculate temperatures of the network by dynamic
explicit method using discrete thermal time step At
t
.
And choose minimum time step At
min

Update phase distribution and temperature field
S>0
stop
yes
no
Operating Conditions and pore networks
Results and conclusion

Initial temperature T
in
= 20
o
C, Convective air Temperature T

= 80
o
C
Contact heating temperature T
c
=80
o
C

Thermal conductivity of glass
s
= 1 W/m/K
Density and heat capacity (Cp)
s
= 1.7 10
6
J/m3/K

Pore networks
a) Mono-modal
Radius distribution 40 2 m
Square lattice (5151)
b) Bimodal
Radius distribution -1 40 2 m
Radius distribution -2 100 5 m
Square lattice (5151)

16

Comparison between non-isothermal and isothermal model
17
17

S = 0.95

S = 0.62
17

S = 0.478
17

S = 0.2
17

Temperature and saturation trends with time scale
18

Number of Clusters forming during drying
19
20

Influence of pore structure on drying behavior

Isothermal convective flow Non-isothermal convective heating
Phase distribution Phase distribution Temperature field
Saturation S = 0.95
Influence of heat transfer on phase distributions
21

Saturation S = 0.70
21

Saturation S = 0.55
21
Combined convective and contact drying

22
Comparison of drying curves from convective and convective and contact
drying.

23
Comparison of drying curves from convective and convective and contact
drying.

24
Isothermal convective flow convective heating convective and contact
heating
Influence of heat transfer on convective and convective and contact heating
Saturation S = 0.55

25
26
27
1. Pore network model including heat transfer is presented

2. The explicit method for dynamic heat transfer and quasi-
steady vapor transfer is applied in solving the system.

3. Heat transfer is only due to conduction, heat sinks
taken into account.

4. The effect of condensation due to temperature gradients
is accounted for partially (heat pipe effect).


Conclusion
Hot cluster
Cold cluster
Future work

1.To include condensation effect completely.

2. Implementing model for different co-ordination number.

3. Application to different types of drying (contact, radiation etc. )

19
THANK YOU

Influence of Heat Transfer On The Drying of Porous Media. - Pore Scale Modeling

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Thermal Process Engineering

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