1

Stress Analysis Concepts

By Vaibhav bhandarkar



2



STRESS-STRAIN DIAGRAM

3



Most structural materials have an initial region on the
stress-strain diagram in which the material behaves
elastically and linearly.
The linear relationship between stress and strain for
a bar in simple tension or compression can be
expressed by the equation, commonly known as
Hookes law,
= E
where = stress = P/A
= strain = /
E = constant of proportionality known as the
Youngs modulus of elasticity ( slope of
the
stress-strain diagram in the linearly
elastic
region)
= (P x ) / (A x )
HOOKES LAW
4



When a prismatic bar is loaded in tension, the axial
elongation is accompanied by lateral contraction (normal to
the direction of the applied load).
Lateral strain is proportional to the axial strain in the linear
elastic region for a homogeneous and isotropic material.
The ratio of the strain in lateral direction to the strain in axial
direction is known as the Poissons ratio which is a
dimensionless quantity.
= (Lateral strain) / (Axial strain)
Normally for steels, Poissons ratio is 0.3

POISSONS RATIO
5



STIFFNESS
Stiffness is the resistance of an elastic body to
deflection or deformation by an applied force.
The stiffness of an axially loaded bar is defined
as the force required to produce a unit
deflection.
k = P /
= EA /
6



TYPES OF STRESSES
7



Types of Normal stresses Longitudinal stress
Longitudinal or axial stress is the normal stress acting parallel to
the longitudinal axis of the pipe. This may be caused by an
internal force acting axially within the pipe.
S
L
= F
AX
/ A
M
Where S
L
= Longitudinal stress
F
AX
= internal axial force acting on cross section

A
m
= metal cross section area of pipe


= (d
o
2
d
i
2
) / 4

= d
m
t

d
o
= Outer dia

d
i
= Inner dia

d
m
= Mean dia = (d
o
+ d
i
) / 2

8



Longitudinal stress..contd
Another example of longitudinal stress is that due to internal pressure.
S
L
= F
AX
/ A
M
= PA
i
/ A
M

Where P = Design pressure
A
i
= internal area of pipe = d
i
2
/ 4
Hence S
L
= P( d
i
2
/4) / (d
o
2
d
i
2
) / 4
= P(d
i
2
) / (d
o
2
d
i
2
)
= P(d
i
2
) / (d
o
+ d
i
)(d
o
d
i
)
= P(d
i
2
) / (2d
m
)(2t)
= P(d
i
2
) / (4d
m
t)
For convenience, the longitudinal pressure stress is often approximated as

S
L
= Pd
o
/ 4t

9


Type of Normal stress Bending stress
Bending stress is zero at the neutral axis of the pipe and varies
linearly across the cross section from the maximum compressive
outer fibre to the maximum tensile outer fibre.
Calculating the stress as linearly proportional to the distance from
the neutral axis
S
L
= M
b
c / I
Where M
b
= bending moment acting at the cross section
c = distance of point of interest from the neutral axis
I = moment of inertia of the cross section = (d
o
4
d
i
4
) /64
10



Bending stress.contd
Maximum bending stress occurs where c is greatest where it is equal to the
outer radius
S
max
= M
b
R
o
/ I = M
b
/ Z
where R
o
= outer radius of pipe
Z = section modulus of pipe = I / R
o


Summing up all components of longitudinal normal stress :

S
L
= (F
ax
/ A
m
)

+ (Pd
o
/ 4t) + (M
b
/ Z)
11



Hoop Stress
There are other normal stresses present in the pipe,
applied in a directional orthogonal to the axial
direction.
One of these stresses caused by internal pressure, is
called hoop stress.
This stress acts in a direction parallel to the pipe
circumference.

12



Hoop stress .contd
The magnitude of the hoop stress varies through the pipe wall
and can be calculated by Lames equation as
S
H
= P (r
i
2
+ r
i
2
r
o
2
/ r
2
) / (r
o
2
- r
i
2
)
where S
H
= hoop stress due to pressure
r
i
= inner radius of the pipe
r
o
= outer radius of the pipe
r = radial position where stress is being considered.
The hoop stress can be conservatively approximated for thin
walled cylinders, by assuming that the pressure force, applied
over an arbitrary length of pipe, (F=P d
i

), is resisted uniformly
by the pipe wall over that same arbitrary length (A
m
= 2 t ), or
S
H
= P d
i
/ 2 t = P d
i
/ 2 t or conservatively

S
H
= P d
o
/ 2 t
13



Radial stresses
Radial stress is the third normal stress
present in the pipe wall.
It acts in the third orthogonal direction,
parallel to the pipe radius.
Radial stress which is caused due to internal
pressure, varies between a stress equal to
the internal pressure at the pipes inner
surface and a stress equal to the
atmospheric pressure at the pipes external
surface.
14



Radial stresses.contd
Radial stresses may be calculated as :
S
R
= P (r
i
2
- r
i
2
r
o
2
/ r
2
) / (r
o
2
- r
i
2
)
Where S
R
= radial stress due to pressure.

Note that radial stress is zero at the outer radius of the pipe where the
bending stresses are maximized.
For this reason, this component has been traditionally been ignored
during the stress calculation.

15



16



17



18



19



20



21



22