EP103 Sen LNT Sep11 1a

Gases Summary of Related
equations
Notes prepared by
Prof Dr Hikmat Al Salim
Sept 2011 Gases - Related equations 2
Gases Behavior & Properties
Mathematical Descriptions KM- Model of Gases
PVTn Kinetic Energy
Impirical Gas laws Molecular speed
Ideal Gas laws Real Gases
Mixtures Application
Behavior & Properties

Elements that exist as gases at 25
o
C
and 1 atmosphere
Four Physical Quantities for Gases
Phys.
Qty.
Symbol SI unit
Other common
units
pressur
e
P
Pascal
(Pa)
atm, mm Hg, torr,
psi
volume V m
3
dm
3
, L, mL, cm
3

temp. T K C, F
moles n mol
Physical Characteristics of Gases
Gases assume the volume and shape of
their containers.
Gases are the most compressible state of
matter.
Gases will mix evenly and completely
when confined to the same container.
Gases have much lower densities than
liquids and solids.
Assumptions of the Kinetic Theory of Gases
1. Gases are composed of separate, tiny particles
called molecules (or atoms)
2. Gas molecules are in constant, rapid, straight
line motion (which means that gas molecules
have kinetic energy ( KE = mv )
3. The collisions between molecules are completely
elastic (when molecules collide, there is no
exchange of energy
4. The molecules of a gas have no attraction or
repulsion for each other
5. Each molecule in a gas has a different velocity

6. Gas molecules exert neither attractive nor
repulsive forces on one another.
7. These particles are so small, compared with
the distances between them, that the volume
(size) of the individual particles can be
assumed to be negligible (zero).
8. The average kinetic energy of the gas particles
is directly proportional to the Kelvin
temperature of the gas
Elastic vs. Inelastic Collisions
8
3
Particles in an ideal gas

have no volume.
have elastic collisions.
are in constant, random, straight-
line motion.
dont attract or repel each other.
have an avg. KE directly related to
Kelvin temperature.

Particles in a REAL gas

have their own volume
attract each other
Gas behavior is most ideal
at low pressures
at high temperatures
in nonpolar atoms/molecules

Pressure - Temperature - Volume
Relationship
P T V
Gay-Lussacs P T
o
Charles V T
o
Boyles P
1
V
o
___
P o 1/V
P x V = constant Both T & n constant
P
1
x V
1
= P
2
x V
2
Both T & n are constant
Boyles Law
Gas properties can be modeled using
math. Model depends on:
V = volume of the gas (L)
T = temperature (K)
n = amount (moles)
P = pressure (atmospheres )

ALL temperatures in the entire semester
MUST be in Kelvin!!! No Exceptions!

The Quantity-Volume Relationship:
Avogadros Law
Avogadros Law: the volume of gas at a given
temperature and pressure is directly proportional to
the number of moles of gas.
Mathematically:

The Gas Laws
V=constant x n
2
2
1
1
n
V
n
V
=
Charles and Gay-Lussac's Law

The relationship between T & V, at const n & P is called
Charles and Gay-Lussac's Law .Charles did the original
work, which was verified by Gay-Lussac. They observed that if
the P is held constant, the volume V is equal to a constant
times the T
V = constant X T
.
Ideal Gas Equation
Charles law: V o T (at constant n and P)
Avogadros law: V o n (at constant P and T)
Boyles law: V o (at constant n and T)
1
P
V o
nT
P
V = constant x = R
nT
P
nT
P
R is the gas constant
PV = nRT
Avogadros law expresses (quantity & volume relationship)
We can combine the above laws to give:
Sept 2011 17 Gases - Related equations
R = 8.314 J K
-1
mol
-1
if
Pressure is in kilopascals(
kPa)
Volume is in litres(L)
Temperature is in Kelvin(K)
R = 0.0821 L atm K
-1
mol
-1

if Pressure is in
atmospheres (atm) Volume
is in litres(L)
Temperature is in Kelvin(K)
PV = nRT
R =
PV
nT
=
(1 atm)(22.414L)
(1 mol)(273.15 K)
R = 0.082057 L atm / (mol K)
Experiments show that at STP, 1 mole of an ideal
gas occupies 22.414 L. This is known as the
standard molar volume.
To calculate R
A sample of carbon monoxide gas occupies 3.20 L at
125
0
C. At what temperature will the gas occupy a
volume of 1.54 L if the pressure remains constant?
V
1
= 3.20 L

T
1
= 398.15 K

V
2
= 1.54 L

T
2
= ?

T
2
=
V
2
x T
1

V
1

1.54 L x 398.15 K
3.20 L
= = 192 K
V
1
/T
1
= V
2
/T
2

A steel tank has a volume of 438 L and is filed
with 0.885 kg of O
2.
Calculate the pressure of O
2

at 21
o
C.

294 273 21 = + = T
mole
g
kg
n 7 . 27
32
885 . 0
= =
atm
x x
V
nRT
P 53 , 1
438
294 0821 . 0 7 . 27
= = =
What is the volume (in liters) occupied by 49.8 g
of HCl at STP?
PV = nRT
V =
nRT
P
T = 0
0
C = 273.15 K
P = 1 atm
n = 49.8 g x
1 mol HCl
36.45 g HCl
= 1.37 mol
V =
1 atm
1.37 mol x 0.0821 x 273.15 K
Latm
molK
V = 30.6 L
Argon is an inert gas used in light bulbs to retard the
vaporization of the filament. A certain light bulb containing
argon at 1.20 atm and 18
0
C is heated to 85
0
C at constant
volume. What is the final pressure of argon in the light bulb
(in atm)?
PV = nRT n, V and R are constant
nR
V
=
P
T
= constant
P
1

T
1

P
2

T
2

=
P
1
= 1.20 atm
T
1
= 291 K
P
2
= ?
T
2
= 358 K
P
2
= P
1
x
T
2

T
1

= 1.20 atm x
358 K
291 K
= 1.48 atm
Combined Gas Law Equation
2 2
2 2
1 1
1 1
2 2
2 2
2 2 2 2
1 1
1 1
1 1 1 1
P P

P
so
P
so
Equation Law Gas Combined
T n
V
T n
V
R
T n
V
RT n V P
R
T n
V
RT n V P
R
nT
PV
=
= =
= =
=
FOR
IDEAL
GASES
Density (D) Calculations and Molar Mass
d =
m
V
=
PM
RT
m is the mass of the gas in g
M is the molar mass of the gas
Molar mass is the weight of one mole
(or 6.02 x 10
23
molecules) of any chemical
compounds
Molar Mass (M ) of a Gaseous Substance
From above equation, we get:
dRT
P
M = d is the density of the gas in g/L
5.4
g in gas the of mass m RT
M
m
PV = =
MOLAR MASS and DENSITY
EXAMPLE
Determine the molar mass of an unknown gas
that has a volume of 72.5 mL at a temperature
of 68C, a pressure of 0.980 atm, and a mass
of 0.207 g.
Exercise
What is the density of carbon tetrachloride vapor
at 714 torr and 125
o
C ?
The molar mass of CCl
4
is 154 g/mol

L g d
K K mol atm L
mol g torr atm torr
d
/ 43 . 4
) 15 . 398 ( / 0821 . 0
) / 154 )( 760 / 1 )( 714 (
=
=
Gas Mixtures and Partial Pressures
etc P P P P
total
.....
3 2 1
+ + + =
Daltons Law: in a gas mixture the total pressure
is given by the sum of partial pressures of each
component:. i.e :

If each gas obeys the ideal gas equation, i.e.:

|
.
|
\
|
=
V
RT
n P
i i
Partial Pressures and Mole Fractions

Let n
i
be the number of moles of gas i
exerting a partial pressure P
i
, then

where X
i
is the mole fraction (n
i
/n
t
).
total i i
P X P =
Consider a case in which two gases, A and B, are in a
container of volume V.
P
A
=
n
A
RT
V
P
B
=
n
B
RT
V
n
A
is the number of moles of A
n
B
is the number of moles of B
P
T
= P
A
+ P
B
X
A
=
n
A

n
A
+ n
B

X
B
=
n
B

n
A
+ n
B

P
A
= X
A
P
T
P
B
= X
B
P
T

P
i
= X
i
P
T

5.6
X = mole fraction
The mass percentage composition of dry air at sea
level is approximately N2: 75.5; O2: 23.2; Ar: 1.3. What
is the partial pressure of each component when the
total pressure is 1 atm?
Solution: assume the amount of each type of molecule present in 100g
of air, thus the mass of N2, O2 and Ar are 75.5g, 23.2g and 1.3g
respectively.
45 . 3 0033 . 0 725 . 0 69 . 2
033 . 0
/ 95 . 39
3 . 1
) (
725 . 0
/ 32
2 . 23
) (
69 . 2
/ 02 . 28
5 . 75
) (
2
2
= + + =
= =
= =
= =
Total
mol
mol
mol g
g
Ar n
mol
mol g
g
O n
mol
mol g
g
N n
Mole fractions = each mole / total mole
Partial = mole fraction X total pressure
0096 . 0 1 0096 . 0 ) (
21 . 0 1 21 . 0 ) (
78 . 0 1 78 . 0 ) (
0096 . 0 45 . 3 / 033 . 0 ) (
21 . 0 45 . 3 / 725 . 0 ) (
78 . 0 45 . 3 / 69 . 2 ) (
2
2
2
2
= =
= =
= =
= =
= =
= =
X Ar p
X O P
x N P
Ar x
O x
N x
Compressibility of Gases
Boyles Law
P proportional to collision rate with wall
Collision rate a number density
Number density a 1/V
P proportional to 1/V
Charles Law
P proportional to collision rate with wall
Collision rate a average kinetic energy of gas
molecules
Average kinetic energy proportional to T
P proportional to T

Kinetic theory of gases and
Kinetic theory of gases and
Avogadros Law
P o collision rate with wall
Collision rate o number density
Number density o n
P o n
Daltons Law of Partial Pressures
Molecules do not attract or repel one another
P exerted by one type of molecule is unaffected by the
presence of another gas
P
total
= EP
i

Stoichiometric Relationships
Applications of the
Ideal Gas Law
Isobaric - constant pressure
Isothermal - constant temperature
Isochoric - constant volume
Isopycnic - constant density
Isosteric - constant specific volume

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