This document discusses respiration in humans at the cellular and gas exchange levels. It defines cellular respiration as the process by which cells produce energy in the form of ATP and gas exchange as the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between an organism and the environment. Gas exchange in humans occurs through two stages: external respiration which is the exchange of gases between the external environment and respiratory organs, and internal respiration which is the exchange between body fluids and tissues. The rate of breathing and gas exchange increases with more strenuous activity as organisms require more ATP to be produced to meet energy demands.
This document discusses respiration in humans at the cellular and gas exchange levels. It defines cellular respiration as the process by which cells produce energy in the form of ATP and gas exchange as the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between an organism and the environment. Gas exchange in humans occurs through two stages: external respiration which is the exchange of gases between the external environment and respiratory organs, and internal respiration which is the exchange between body fluids and tissues. The rate of breathing and gas exchange increases with more strenuous activity as organisms require more ATP to be produced to meet energy demands.
This document discusses respiration in humans at the cellular and gas exchange levels. It defines cellular respiration as the process by which cells produce energy in the form of ATP and gas exchange as the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between an organism and the environment. Gas exchange in humans occurs through two stages: external respiration which is the exchange of gases between the external environment and respiratory organs, and internal respiration which is the exchange between body fluids and tissues. The rate of breathing and gas exchange increases with more strenuous activity as organisms require more ATP to be produced to meet energy demands.
Cellular respiration (1) it is the process by which cells oxidize nutrient molecules to obtain energy in the form of ATP Gas exchange (1) it is the exchange of gases specifically carbon dioxide and oxygen between an organism and its external environment
Introduction
(1) External Respiration is involved in the exchange of gasses between the external environment and the respiratory organs Gas exchange in humans is of two stages: Introduction Gas exchange in humans is of two stages:
(2) Internal Respiration involves the exchange of gasses between body fluids and the tissue cells. Aims of Gas Exchange A. To collect oxygen from the environment so as to provide the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain during cellular respiration. This produces the desired product: energy in the form of ATP B. To expel carbon dioxide- a by-product of cellular respiration- from the body tissues to the environment Breathing Humans exchange gasses with the environment through breathing. The rate at which breathing occurs as well as its rhythm is mainly controlled by brain centres located at the medulla oblongata and the Pons The control centre of the medulla monitors pH of the blood and the cerebrospinal fluid and reacts to its slightest changes Blood pH Normal: 7.35-7.45 Lowering of blood pH indicates an increase in carbon dioxide concentration Increase in the normal pH value indicates a decrease in carbon dioxide concentration which entails lack of oxygen in the blood
Methodology 100mL lime water was poured into a 125mL Erlenmeyer flask A drinking straw was inserted to the flask While breathing normally, air was blown into the solution in the flask Results As air was blown into the flask the solution of calcium hydroxide became cloudy Calcium hydroxide solution before blowing air into the flask Calcium hydroxide solution after blowing air into the flask Discussion Lime water which was used in the experiment is made up of concentrated calcium hydroxide in its diluent- water. The solution is clear and basic As the subject started to blow into the solution, it was observed that the limewater turned cloudy to white. The change in color of the solution was due to the increased concentration of CALCIUM CARBONATE Discussion Calcium Carbonate is a white solid that precipitated from the reaction of calcium hydroxide with carbon dioxide in the air blown in the flask
Ca(OH) 2 +CO 2 CaCO 3 + H 2 O Discussion As the concentration of carbon dioxide was increased in the limewater, the solution turned more cloudy due to the increase in the production of the product calcium carbonate. By this procedure we can measure the amount of CO2 expelled by a subject qualitatively Faster change in color = more CO2 expelled
Methodology The number of breaths per minute of the subject were taken after doing the following: a. Normal unforced breathing while sitting down b. Unforced breathing while sitting down after vigorous exercise c. Unforced breathing while sitting down after holding breath d. While hyperventilating Results Activity Breathing Rate (seconds) Minimum time for lime to change color Sitting quietly 20.7 2 min 16 sec Hyperventilating 33.2 1 min 52 sec After exercise 34.4 1 min 36 sec Holding breath 39.0 2 min 26 sec Results As the activity becomes more strenuous breathing rate increases As the activity becomes more strenuous the rate of change of color of the lime water also increases. Discussion More strenuous activity requires more energy for an organism
Discussion Energy is present in the body in the form of ATP ATP is produced via cellular respiration Respiration needs oxygen as the final electron acceptor in the Electron Transport Chain Respiration produces carbon dioxide as its by-product
Discussion ATP need = Oxygen need ATP production = Carbon Dioxide production Increase in CO2 makes blood acidic Medulla increases breathing rate once it discovers change in blood pH
Methodology A simple spirometer was set up A large jug was calibrated by pouring 100mL lots of water and marking every level After filling up the jar with water the pan was inverted over a bowl already with water A rubber tubing was inserted into the jug The remaining air in the jug was sucked off using the rubber tubing Methodology
A. Taking the maximum amount of air the lungs could hold while keeping his nose closed, the subject blew all the air he can blown into the jug though the rubber tube Methodology B. The subject took in normal amount of air and blew into the jug through the tube the normal amount he does during relaxed exhalation Results Activity Volume of air Volume of oxygen A. Forced breathing 1500 mL 315mL B. Normal breathing 400 mL 84 mL Discussion During forced breathing where the subject inhaled and exhaled maximally the subject produced 1500mL of air This value is the lungs Vital Capacity This is the sum of the volume of air inspired forcefully after normal inspiration, normal inspiration and volume of air expired forcefully after normal expiration. This volume is approximately 4600 mL in males and 3400 mL in females normally Discussion The amount of air released by the subject on the second part of the exercise was 400mL . This was the lungs Tidal Volume Tidal volume is usually 500mL in humans Discussion It was termed tidal volume for mammals breathe by a mechanism called tidal breathing in which the air inhaled goes to the lungs the same way as it comes out.