Wcdma Radio Theory

WCDMA RADIO THEORY
COURSE OBJECTIVES
At the end of this course, you will be able to:
Master channel encoding of WCDMA
Master spread spectrum principle of WCDMA
Master modulation of WCDMA
Ericsson Internal | 2011-05-05 | Page 2
CONTENT
The basic principles of wireless communication
Radio Propagation Characteristics
Multi Access
Spread spectrum Technology
Channel Coding
Interleave Technology
WCDMA wireless technology
Radio propagation characteristics
CHARACTERISTIC OF RADIO PROPAGATION

Electromagnetic propagation: direct radiation, reflection, diffraction
and scattering
Signal attenuation:
Path loss Loss of electromagnetic waves in large scope of the
spread reflects the trend of the received signal in the spreading
Slow fadingLoss because of being blocked by the building and
hill in the propagation path
Fast fadingElectromagnetic signals rapidly decline in a few
dozens wavelength ranges
Description of Fast fading distribution
Rayleigh distributionnon line-of sight transmission
Rice distributionline-of sight transmission
CHARACTERISTICS OF RADIO
PROPAGATION
Interference
dithering
delay
Sending signal
Accepting signal
fading
0dB
2 3
Sending signal
Accepting signal
Sending signal
-25dB
Accepting signal
Sending signal
Accepting signal
Frequency off-set caused by the movement of mobile that

is Doppler effect
MULTI-PATH EFFECTS
sending signal
strength
receiving signal
0
time
CONTENT
The basic principles of wireless
communication
Multi Access
Channel Coding
Multiple access
MULTIPLE ACCESS
Frequency division multiple access
technology
FDMA
Channels in different frequency are

allocated to different users, e.g. TACS
AMPS
Power
Time division multiple access

technology
channels in different time are allocated to
different users, e.g. GSMDAMPS
Code division multiple access

technology
Users distinguished by scramble code, e.g.
CDMA
TDMA
Power
CDMA
Power
CONTENT
communication
Multi Access
Channel Coding
Spreading technology
PRINCIPLE OF SPREADING SPECTRUM

A technology of transmission technology after spreading
frequency of signal.
Theoretical Basis: Shannon theory C=Wlog2(1+S/N)
Wideband
Signal
Slow
Information
Sent
Slow
Information
Recovered
TX
Fast
Spreading
Sequence
RX
Fast
Spreading
Sequence
SKETCH MAP OF SPREADING

Sf
Sf
signal
signal
f0
f0
Before spreading
After spreading
Sf
Sf
White noise
signal
White noise
signal
f0
Before despreading
signal
interference
f0
After despreading
White noise
SPREADING MODE
Direct sequence spreadDSSS):Base band data is spreaded by multiplication of pseudo-noise
sequence and base-band pulse, the pseudo-noise sequence
generated by the pseudo-noise generator
BER subject to Multiple Access Interference and near-far effect
Power control can overcome the near-far effect, but it is limited by
power detection accuracy
WCDMA uses DS-SS
Frequency hopping spreadFH-SS):Data is transmitted in the random channel by the carrier frequency
hopping
Before FH again, data is transmitted using traditional narrowband
modulation
No near-far effect
CHARACTERISTICS OF SPREADING
COMMUNICATION
High anti-multi-path- interference capability
High security
Lower transmitting power
Easy to implement large-capacity Multiple Access

Communication
Occupy band wide
Complex realization
CONTENT
communication
Multi Access
Channel Coding
Channel coding
PURPOSE OF CHANNEL CODING

Purpose:
By adding redundant information in the original data stream, receivers
can detect and correct the error signal, and improve data transmission
rates.
Error-correcting ability obtains by adding redundancy in the original
data
WCDMA
W W C C D D M MAA
W C C D D M M A A
TURBO
T T UURRBBOO
T T U R R B B O O
SPEAK
S S P P E E AA K K
S S P P E E A K K
Channel coding
PRINCIPLE OF CHANNEL CODING

Channel coding
Convolution coding and Turbo coding 1/21/3 are widely
applied.
Increase redundancy and transmission time
Suitable to correct few non-continuous errors
No correct coding: BER<10-1 ~ 10-2
Can not satisfy

the communication
Convolutional codingBER<10-3
Can satisfy the

speech communication
Turbo coding
BER<10-6
Can satisfy the

data communication
CONTENT
communication
Multi Access
Channel Coding
Interleaving technology
PRINCIPLE OF INTERLEAVE TECHNOLOGY

Advantage:
Interleave is to change the sequence of data to discretize the burst
continuous errors
Advance the correcting validity
Disadvantage:
Increase the processing delay
Especially, Several independent random errors may intertwined for
the unexpected error .
e.g.
x1 x6 x11 x16 x21
x2 x7
x22
Data input
x3 x8
x23
Data output
A = (x1 x2 x3 x4 x5 x25)
x4 x9
x24
A= (x1 x6 x11 x16 x25)
x5 x10
x25
Interleaving technology
ENCODING AND INTERLEAVING

WCDMA
Encoding
W W C C D D M MAA
WTSWTS
Interleaving
TURBO
T T UURRBBOO
CUPCUP
SPEAK
S S P P E E AA K K
DREDRE
MBAMBA
AOKAOK
Decoding
W ? ? C D D M M AA
T ? ?URRBBOO
S ? ?PEEAA KK
WTS???
Deinterleaving
? ? ?CUP
DREDRE
MBAMBA
AOKAOK
CONTENT
communication
Multi Access
Channel Coding
DATA TRANSMISSION PROCEDURE
UE Data
Encoding &
Interleaving
Spreading &
Scrambling
Modulation
RF Transmission
Dispreading &
Descrambling
Baseband
demodulation
Demodulation
Decoding &
De-interleaving
RF Receiving
UE Data
CONVOLUTIONAL CODE
Mainly used in the voice channel and control signal
channel
Coding rate is and 1/3
Input
D
Output 0
G0 = 557 (octal)
Output 1
G1 = 663 (octal)
Output 2
G2 = 711 (octal)
Rate 1/3 convolutional coder
CHARACTERISTICS OF CONVOLUTIONAL
CODE
Easy decode
Short delay
Generally use the Viterbi Algorithm
Channel bit error rate is 103 magnitude
Suitable to real-time service

e.g. speech and video service.
TURBO CODE
input
Encoder 1
Interleaver
Encoder 2
Multiplex
Used in Data service channel

Code Rate is 1/3
Can be implemented in the transmission for large block and long delay
services
Turbo coding structure is based on two or more weak error control
code combinations. The information bits are interleaved in the two
Encoder, and generate two information flow. At last, this information
can be multiplexed and punctured
Decoding needs cycle iterative calculation
output
CHARACTERISTICS OF TURBO CODES
Complex decoding
Use the LOG-MAP arithmetic
Channel bit error rate is 106 magnitude
Very suitable to non-real-time package service which is BER
sensitive & delay insensitive.
e.g. WWW, FTP, E_mail , multimedia transmission .
INTERLEAVING TECHNOLOGY OF WCDMA

Intra-frame interleave
Bits transform in the internal frame
Inter-frame interleave
Data transform among the frames
Intra-Turbo codes interleave

Complex nesting of intra-frame and inter-frame interleave
UE Data
Spreading &
Scrambling
Encoding &
Interleaving
Modulation
RF Transmission
Dispreading &
Descrambling
Decoding &
De-interleaving
Demodulation
UE Data
RF Receiving
SPREADING OF WCDMA
Chip after
Spreading
Data bit
OVSF Code
Scramble Code
Symbol rate SF = 3.84Mcps

WCDMASF of uplink channelized code4~256
SF of downlink channelized code:4~512
OVSF: Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor
DESPREADING OF WCDMA
Method of dispreading
Input signal
Output after dispreading
Ts
(*)dt
0
When T=Ts, judge

integral
Local PN code
SPREADING AND DESPREADING

Symbol
1
-1
Data =
010010
Chip
Spreading code =
1 -1 -1 1 -1 1 1 -1
( SF = 8 )
Spreading
1
-1
Spread signal
= Data code
1
-1
Despreading
Spreading code
Data =
Spread signal
Spread code
1
-1
1
-1
CONCEPT OF ORTHOGONAL CODE

Code1
+1-1+1+1-1+1-1-1
Code2
-1+1+1-1-1+1+1-1
Mul
-1-1+1-1+1+1-1+1
Sum
Orthogonal
the result of multiplying and sum is 0
0
Orthogonal
Code1
+1-1+1-1-1+1-1-1
Code2
+1+1-1+1-1-1+1-1
Mul
+1-1-1-1+1-1-1+1
Sum
-2
Non-orthogonal
CODE RESOURCE ALLOCATION

In WCDMA, code resources are mainly divided into channelization
codes and scrambling codes.
Channelization code:
Channelization codes are based on the orthogonal variable
spreading factor (OVSF) technology. Transmission from a
single source are separated by channelization codes.
Scrambling code:
Scrambling codes are used after spreading, which will not
change the signal bandwidth. They are only used to
differentiate different UEs or Node Bs.
CHANNELIZATION CODE
Adopt OVSF code
C ch,SF,kdescribe channelization code,
SFspread factor
kcode number, 0 < k<SF-1
CHARACTERISTIC OF CHANNELIZATION
CODE
Premise of code allocation:
Ensure not occupied for the code in the root direction and
downwards sub tree
Result of code allocation:
Block all low rate SC in sub tree and high rate in upwards
root direction
SF=8
SF=16
SF=32
EXAMPLE
Idle
Allocated
SF= 8
SF=16
` Blocked
` 0
SF=32
SF=64
0
1
` 0
` 0
SF=32
SF=64
` 0
4
(c)
` 0
(b)
SF=16
(a)
SF= 8
` 0
1
1
4
(d)
SCRAMBLING CODE
Chip after
Spreading
Data bit
OVSF Code
Scramble Code
In addition to spreading, part of the process in the transmitter is

the scrambling operation. This is needed to separate terminals or
base stations from each other. Scrambling is used on top of
spreading, so it does not change the signal bandwidth but only
makes the signals from different sources separable from each
other.
SCRAMBLING CODE OF WCDMA

WCDMA Scrambling code is pseudo random binary sequence
(PN code)
It has similar noise array character , is that one kind is seemingly random
but cyclicity binary system array. Can make the user data a further
randomization , strengthened by scrambling a code to keep secret the
function, at the same time easy to carry out multiple access communication.
WCDMA scrambling code is generated from Gold sequence

Gold has excellent self_correlation.
Mutual_correlation is very small between subsection serial.
It is used to identify cell and user for multiple address.
CHARACTERISTIC OF SCRAMBLING CODE

There are 224 Uplink Scrambling Codes, they are used to distinguish
different users in one cell.
Uplink Scrambling codes include long scrambling codes and short
scrambling codes. The Short Scrambling codes are used for multiuser detecting
There are 218-1 Downlink Scrambling Codes, used to distinguish
different cells
Scrambling codes in common use are 018191they
are divided into 512 aggregationseach aggregation has
1primary scrambling code and 15 secondary scrambling codes.
512 primary scrambling codes can be divided into 64 scrambling
code groups ,there is 8 primary scrambling in each group.
UE Data
Spreading &
Scrambling
Encoding &
Interleaving
Modulation
RF Transmission
Dispreading &
Descrambling
Decoding &
De-interleaving
Demodulation
UE Data
RF Receiving
WCDMA MODULATION
UL: BPSK
DL:QPSKHSDPA introduce 16QAM

Wcdma Radio Theory

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WCDMA RADIO THEORY

Ericsson Internal | 2011-05-05 | Page 2

Radio Propagation Characteristics

Spread spectrum Technology

WCDMA wireless technology

Ericsson Internal | 2011-05-05 | Page 3

Radio propagation characteristics

CHARACTERISTIC OF RADIO PROPAGATION

Ericsson Internal | 2011-05-05 | Page 4

Radio propagation characteristics

Frequency off-set caused by the movement of mobile that

Ericsson Internal | 2011-05-05 | Page 5

Radio propagation characteristics

Ericsson Internal | 2011-05-05 | Page 6

Radio Propagation Characteristics

Spread spectrum Technology

WCDMA wireless technology

Ericsson Internal | 2011-05-05 | Page 7

Channels in different frequency are

Time division multiple access

Code division multiple access

Ericsson Internal | 2011-05-05 | Page 8

Radio Propagation Characteristics

Spread spectrum Technology

WCDMA wireless technology

Ericsson Internal | 2011-05-05 | Page 9

PRINCIPLE OF SPREADING SPECTRUM

Ericsson Internal | 2011-05-05 | Page 10

SKETCH MAP OF SPREADING

Ericsson Internal | 2011-05-05 | Page 11

Easy to implement large-capacity Multiple Access

Ericsson Internal | 2011-05-05 | Page 13

Radio Propagation Characteristics

Spread spectrum Technology

WCDMA wireless technology

Ericsson Internal | 2011-05-05 | Page 14

PURPOSE OF CHANNEL CODING

Ericsson Internal | 2011-05-05 | Page 15

PRINCIPLE OF CHANNEL CODING

Can not satisfy

Can satisfy the

Ericsson Internal | 2011-05-05 | Page 16

Can satisfy the

Radio Propagation Characteristics

Spread spectrum Technology

WCDMA wireless technology

Ericsson Internal | 2011-05-05 | Page 17

PRINCIPLE OF INTERLEAVE TECHNOLOGY

A= (x1 x6 x11 x16 x25)

Ericsson Internal | 2011-05-05 | Page 18

ENCODING AND INTERLEAVING

Ericsson Internal | 2011-05-05 | Page 19

Radio Propagation Characteristics

Spread spectrum Technology

WCDMA wireless technology

Ericsson Internal | 2011-05-05 | Page 20

WCDMA wireless technology

DATA TRANSMISSION PROCEDURE

WCDMA wireless technology

Rate 1/3 convolutional coder

Ericsson Internal | 2011-05-05 | Page 22

WCDMA wireless technology

Suitable to real-time service