RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT (R&D)

FRESHWATER PRAWN FARMING

PREPARED BY: GROUP 3

SANDHENESWARAEN A/L SEGERANAZAN 114767
BOB HARRIS NORBERT 114604
SURENDREN A/L BALAKRISHNAN 114792
NURAMNI AFIFAH BINTI RUZLAN 114736
NUR DEENA SYAHEEDA BT BAHROM 114722
NOOR HIDAYU BINTI AMRAN 118160
SITI NURSYAFIQAH BINTI MOHD ZULKAIRI 114786
SUZEN A/P SHAWAD 114793

LECTURER: PROF. MADYA IR. NIK FUAAD NIK ABLLAH
PRESENTATION DATE: 28
th
APRIL 2014
INTRODUCTION
THE RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
Primary function of an R&D group is to develop new product; in the other model, the
primary function of an R&D group is to discover.
Create new knowledge about scientific and technological topics for the purpose of
uncovering and enabling development of valuable new products, processes, and
services.
OBJECTIVE OF STUDY
To find out the present condition and environment at Harapan Pond
To know the suitability of Harapan Pond as a catchment area and
freshwater prawn farming
To ensure the pond still function as a retention pond
To provide appropriate recommendations and methods in improving the
water quality of the pond
FRESHWATER PRAWN FARMING
Freshwater prawn or its scientific name Macrobrachium Rosenbergii
is a tropical climate organism.
A native organism in indo-pacific area, which are India, Myanmar,
Indo-China, Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, and Filipina.
The demand for freshwater prawn is always high.
Freshwater prawn was also part of the normal menu of seafood
restaurants in several Asian countries including Malaysia.
The price for freshwater prawn in Malaysia is between RM35-RM45
per kg.

Grade Price (per kg)
A+ RM70
A RM65
B RM55
LIFE CYCLE OF
FRESHWATER PRAWN
Government & Private Freshwater Prawn Hatcheries
Sources : http://www.dof.gov.my/ (Jabatan Perikanan Malaysia)
0
5,000,000
10,000,000
15,000,000
20,000,000
25,000,000
30,000,000
35,000,000
40,000,000
45,000,000
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Production of Freshwater Prawns
(Quantity in pieces)
Government Hatcheries Private Hatcheries
Sources : http://www.dof.gov.my/ (Jabatan Perikanan Malaysia)
WATER QUALITY REQUIREMENTS FOR FRESHWATER
PRAWN FARMING AND GROW-OUT FACILITIES
Freshwater prawns require brackish water for growth and survival
The necessary brackish water = freshwater + seawater, or brine (and
sometimes artificial seawater) which has been transported to the site
Prawn hatcheries can be sited on inland sites.

Free from heavy metals marine pollution, and herbicide and insecticide
residues, as well as biological contamination.
The analyses of water found suitable for use in freshwater prawn
hatcheries are given in. Not much is known about the tolerance of larvae to
toxic materials but it can be assumed that larvae are at least as (probably
more) susceptible to pollution and toxicity.

Source : http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/y4100e/y4100e08.htm
SOURCE: MODIFIED FROM BOYD AND ZIMMERMANN (2000)
DATA ANALYSATION
1. PH

2. TEMPERATURE







3. DISSOLVED OXYGEN (DO)

4. BIOCHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND (BOD)



A measure of the amount of oxygen required by the bacteria or microorganisms to
degrade the organic components present in water/waste water
Depends on the dissolved organic matter in the waste water samples
5. CHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND (COD)






6. SUSPENDED SOLID
(SS)
The total measurement of all chemicals (organics & in-organics) in the
water/wastewater
Most applications of cod determine the amount of pollutants found in surface
water/wastewater, making cod a useful measure of water quality
Cod values are always higher than the bod values because cod includes both
biodegradable and non-biodegradable substances whereas bod contains only bio-
degradable.


One major factor that contributes to the high amount of suspended solids in the water
is the water in the pond is not flowing.
This will cause the sediments in the water to accumulates, causing the water condition
to deplete severely.
The stagnant water may be caused by the garbage that blocked the ponds stream.
LITERATURE REVIEW
Location : Former area of paddy land, Kg Bukit Tempurung,
Kuala Jempul, Negeri Sembilan
GROUND POOL
Site
Selection
Source
of water
Type of
soil
Facility
Location
POND PREPARATION
Initial Screening
The surrounding area and the old pool needs to be cleaned from wild trees,
weed and all plants that are not needed.
Drying
Drying period of 1-2 weeks commonly made, however there are times when the pool
needs to be dried for a longer time period, for example in the rainy season or when the
pool was too old to use.
Poisoning
Pool can not be dried should be poisoned to kill wild fish (predators). Use organic
poisons
Calcify
Practiced with flat scattering ashes cool lime powder ( hydrated ) on the surface of the
pond dry measure around 1kg/10m
Fertilizing and Irrigation
Pool fertilized to encourage the growth of natural food in the form of worms, snails, algae and
water plants. Two common types of fertilizer used is organic manure and chemical fertilizers
The water enters pool through a fine filter to prevent the entry of predators. Recommend
shrimp released a week after the water goes.



THE PROPOSAL
HARAPAN POND
SELECTED SITE FOR FRESHWATER PRAWN FARMING
BACKGROUND OF THE SITE
Harapan Pond (0.80 hectares) is the watershed drainage and there is a
major drainage that crosses between this lake and Aman Pond.
Located behind Desasiswa Fajar Harapan, near to the gate of Sungai Dua
and Masjid Khalid al Walid.
Harapan Pond is actually a ground. But, it was built to be a catchment area
for rain.

MAIN DRAINAGE PLAN & LAKES (WATER CATCHMENT)
AT USM CAMPUS
SEMI-CLOSED, TWO PHASE CLEAR WATER
LARVAL REARING TECHNOLOGY

Two-phase clear water technology for larval rearing that is suitable for non-coastal hatcheries. This technology
can be suitably modified to suite other locations also.
Healthy mother prawns are selected from the brood stock pond/tank and disinfected with 0.3 ppm copper
sulphate or 30 ppm formalin for 30 min.
Mother prawns are then stocked in brackish water (salinity of 5%) and reared till hatching.
Tanks are checked daily for appearance of larvae.
Once hatching occurs it may continue for 24-48 h.
The spent female is removed from the tank and released back to the brood stock pond.
The salinity of the larval rearing medium is then increased to 12 and the rearing is continued in the same tank.
The larval rearing tanks are cleaned daily by siphoning off excess food particles and metabolic waste from the
bottom of the tank.
This is done after stopping aeration, preferably in the evening hours before exchange of water and introduction
of live food daily monitoring of temperature, salinity, pH and dissolved oxygen levels is essential to maintain the
water quality at optimum levels.
The optimum ranges of water quality parameters for successful seed production are given below.
FARMING SYSTEMS

A) EXTENSIVE FRESHWATER PRAWN CULTURE
Extensive culture means rearing in ponds which produce less than
500 kg/ha/year of freshwater prawns.
They are stocked, often from wild sources,.
There is no control of water quality;
The growth or mortality of the prawns is not normally monitored;
Supplemental feeding is not normally supplied;
And organic fertilization is rarely applied.

B) SEMI-INTENSIVE FRESHWATER PRAWN CULTURE
Semi-intensive systems involve stocking PL or juvenile
freshwater prawns (usually from hatcheries), and result in
a range of productivity of more than 500 kg/ha/year and
less than that defined as intensive in this box.
Fertilization is used and a balanced feed ration is
supplied.
Predators and competitors are controlled and water
quality,
Prawn health and growth rate are monitored.
This form of culture is the most common in tropical areas.

C) INTENSIVE FRESHWATER PRAWN CULTURE
Intensive culture refers to freshwater prawn farming in small
earth or concrete ponds (up to 0.2 ha) provided with high
water exchange and continuous aeration, and achieving an
output of more than 5000 kg/ha/yr.
Construction and maintenance costs are high and a high
degree of management is required,
Which includes the use of a nutritionally complete feed,
The elimination of predators and competitors, and strict
control over all aspects of water quality.
This form of culture is not recommended in this manual
because it requires more research, particularly on size
management.

FRESHWATER PRAWN GROW-OUT POND
DESIGN

RECTANGULAR PONDS
Most suitable shape
Easier to construct
Have a high ratio of surface area to water volume which helps in promoting good gas (oxygen)
exchange
Permit easier access and inspection of stock, and corpses can be easily seen and removed

THE BOTTOMS OF PONDS NEED TO BE SLOPED TOWARDS THE DRAINAGE
POINT AND TO BE SMOOTH
Increase the efficiency of both drain-harvesting and seine-harvesting
Will reduce the possibility of damage to the prawn by abrasion and also facilitate cleaning.
1:200 (0.5%) slop towards the outlet

Pond size - 30m x 60m because easier for
harvesting
depth - water depth 2-4ft
the internal corners are rounded, this will help to prevent fresh
water prawn aggregating at these points and assist in better water
ow patterns within the pond
promote good water circulation
bund - allow 2-4ft above the water level
bund sides - 25 to 45 degree angle, easier when harvesting and
cleaning
PLUMBING

We use PVC pipes in constructing of the pond
The pipes should glued
Water outlet - 8 inch diameter UPVC pipes at the lowest point
Water inlet - 6 inch diameter UPVC pipes with some filters

Main water channel/drain that provide enough volume for rainy season
Allow 5-10 ft wide of common shared bunds - when the pond is side by side -
for failsafe design and easy to maneuver around your ponds
DIKE

FILTERS

Mechanically to remove ne solids such as silt and suspended organic particles
Encourage the biological breakdown of dissolved organic compounds and excreted ammonia into
harmless substances. Attempts to combine both functions in one lter are seldom successful, except
in special cases such as with very lightly stocked display systems.
MECHANICAL FILTERS
They produce if allowed to accumulate in the tanks, for example in dead spots or in patches
beneath the lter.
These accumulations will also contain prawn faeces, regurgitated material and other organic wastes
BIOLOGICAL FILTERS
Neutralise the effect of the ammonia produced by the prawn by a process called nitrication.

PUMP

Provide two turnovers of water per hour and self-priming if possible
Use submersible pumps
Are quick and easy to install since they do not require cutting holes through tank sides
and bulkhead fittings

SUPPLYING WATER TO THE PONDS

By using the rippling method and
cascading method the dissolved
oxygen levels of incoming pond
water can be increased
Paddlewheel Aerators
keeps the dissolve oxygen
level high enough to
increase stocking levels
EQUIPMENT
NUTRI - SEAWATER

Contain : Natural live marine heterotrophic,
autotrophic and chemolithotrophic bacteria
Purpose : To provide the missing natural live
marine bacteria, trace elements and critical
nutrients.
This substance will be added to the water in the
sea water storage tank
Application : To supply nutrients for aquatic needs
Supplier : Worldwide Imports Ent.






KING KONG HHR300 VERTICAL
ROUND BOTTOM WITH STAND
STAINLESS STEEL WATER
TANK 3000L/670G

Purpose : For freshwater storage
where the water supply comes
from the stream of Harapan Pond

Supplier : ATKC Warehouse


KING KONG HR150 VERTICAL
ROUND BOTTOM WITH STAND
STAINLESS STEEL WATER TANK
1500L/330G

Purpose : For nutrient water storage

Supplier : ATKC Warehouse


OASIS VOR TEC 20000

Purpose : To filter the freshwater from the
freshwater tank. This filter has three
stage filtration system combines a vor
tec chamber to remove heavy sediment,
followed by mechanical filtration through
filter brushes or reticulated foam, and
finally, biological filtration using anti
clog flocor media

Supplier : OASIS
STAINLESS STEEL CHEMICAL LIQUID
MIXER

Purpose : Use to mix the filtered
freshwater and the nutrient water before
it is being channeled to the pond

Supplier : WENZHOU FLOWTAM LIGHT
INDUSTRY MACHINERY CO. LTD
REMEDIAL ACTION
Monitoring of dissolved oxygen (DO)
Reduce organic waste from the pipe channeled to the pond
Decrease the amount of suspended solid
Install a stirring pump

STABILIZATION POND TECHNOLOGY

Sometimes also called facultative pond technology - is a natural method for wastewater
treatment.
Stabilization ponds consist of shallow man-made basins comprising a single or several series
of anaerobic, facultative or maturation ponds.
1. Primary Treatment
It takes place in the anaerobic pond, which is mainly designed for removing suspended solids,
and some of the soluble element of organic matter (BOD).
2. Secondary Treatment
In the facultative pond most of the remaining BOD is removed through the coordinated activity
of algae and heterotrophic bacteria.
3. Tertiary Treatment
The main function of the tertiary treatment in the maturation pond is the removal of pathogens
and nutrients (especially nitrogen).


OVERVIEW :

COST ESTIMATION