05 | SET Operators, Windows Functions,

and Grouping
Brian Alderman | MCT, CEO / Founder of MicroTechPoint
Tobias Ternstrom | Microsoft SQL Server Program Manager
Querying Microsoft SQL Server 2012 Jump Start
05 | SET Operators, Windows Functions, and Grouping
SET operators, Windows functions, GROUPING sets (PIVOT, UNPIVOT, CUBE, ROLLUP)
06 | Modifying Data
INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE statements, use of defaults, constraints, and triggers, OUTPUT
07 | Programming with T-SQL
Using T-SQL programming elements, implementing error handling, understanding and implementing transactions
08 | Retrieving SQL Server Metadata and Improving Query Performance
Querying system catalogs and dynamic management views, creating and executing stored procedures, improving SQL
Server query performance
<SELECT query_1>
<set_operator>
<SELECT query_2>
[ORDER BY <sort_list>]
-- only distinct rows from both queries are returned
SELECT ProductID, OrderQty, UnitPrice FROM Sales.SalesOrderDetail
UNION
SELECT ProductID, OrderQty, UnitPrice FROM Purchasing.PurchaseOrderDetail
Purchasing Sales
Purchasing Sales
-- all rows from both queries are returned
SELECT ProductID, OrderQty, UnitPrice FROM Sales.SalesOrderDetail
UNION ALL
SELECT ProductID, OrderQty, UnitPrice FROM Purchasing.PurchaseOrderDetail
Using the INTERSECT operator
Purchasing Sales
INTERSECT
-- only rows that exist in both queries are returned
SELECT ProductID, OrderQty, UnitPrice FROM Sales.SalesOrderDetail
INTERSECT
SELECT ProductID, OrderQty, UnitPrice FROM Purchasing.PurchaseOrderDetail
Using the EXCEPT operator
Sales Purchasing
-- only rows from Sales are returned
SELECT ProductID, OrderQty, UnitPrice FROM Sales.SalesOrderDetail
EXCEPT
SELECT ProductID, OrderQty, UnitPrice FROM Purchasing.PurchaseOrderDetail
1.
2.
SELECT <column_list>
FROM <left_table> AS <alias>
CROSS/OUTER APPLY
<derived_table_expression or inline_TVF> AS <alias>
SELECT CustomerID, OrderDate, TotalDue,
SUM(TotalDue) OVER(PARTITION BY CustomerID)
AS TotalDueByCust
FROM Sales.SalesOrderHeader;
CustomerID OrderDate TotalDue TotalDueByCust
---------- -------------------------- -------- --------------
11000 2007-08-01 00:00:00.000 3756.989 9115.1341
11000 2007-10-01 00:00:00.000 2587.8769 9115.1341
11000 2006-09-01 00:00:00.000 2770.2682 9115.1341
11001 2007-08-01 00:00:00.000 2674.0227 7054.1875
11001 2006-11-01 00:00:00.000 3729.364 7054.1875
11001 2007-04-01 00:00:00.000 650.8008 7054.1875
Function Description
RANK
Returns the rank of each row within the partition of a result
set. May include ties and gaps.
DENSE_RANK
Returns the rank of each row within the partition of a result
set. May include ties but will not include gaps.
ROW_NUMBER
Returns a unique sequential row number within partition
based on current order.
NTILE
Distributes the rows in an ordered partition into a specified
number of groups. Returns the number of the group to which
the current row belongs.
Function Description
LAG
Returns an expression from a previous row that is a defined offset
from the current row. Returns NULL if no row at specified
position.
LEAD
Returns an expression from a later row that is a defined offset
from the current row. Returns NULL if no row at specified
position.
FIRST_VALUE
Returns the first value in the current window frame. Requires
window ordering to be meaningful.
LAST_VALUE
Returns the last value in the current window frame. Requires
window ordering to be meaningful.
Pivoted data
1.
2.
3.
SELECT Category, [2006],[2007],[2008]
FROM ( SELECT Category, Qty, Orderyear
FROM Sales.CategoryQtyYear) AS D
PIVOT(SUM(QTY) FOR orderyear
IN([2006],[2007],[2008])
) AS pvt;
Grouping
Spreading
Aggregation
SELECT VendorID, [250] AS Emp1, [251] AS Emp2,
[256] AS Emp3, [257] AS Emp4, [260] AS Emp5
FROM
(SELECT PurchaseOrderID, EmployeeID, VendorID
FROM Purchasing.PurchaseOrderHeader) p
PIVOT
(
COUNT (PurchaseOrderID)
FOR EmployeeID IN
( [250], [251], [256], [257], [260] )
) AS pvt
ORDER BY pvt.VendorID;
VendorID Emp1 Emp2 Emp3 Emp4 Emp5
-------- ----- ----- ----- ----- -----
1492 2 5 4 4 4
1494 2 5 4 5 4
1496 2 4 4 5 5
CREATE TABLE pvt (VendorID int, Emp1 int, Emp2 int,
Emp3 int, Emp4 int, Emp5 int);
GO
INSERT INTO pvt VALUES (1,4,3,5,4,4);
INSERT INTO pvt VALUES (2,4,1,5,5,5);
INSERT INTO pvt VALUES (3,4,3,5,4,4);
GO

SELECT VendorID, Employee, Orders
FROM
(SELECT VendorID, Emp1, Emp2, Emp3, Emp4, Emp5
FROM pvt) p
UNPIVOT
(Orders FOR Employee IN
(Emp1, Emp2, Emp3, Emp4, Emp5)
)AS unpvt;
GO VendorID Employee Orders
1 Emp1 4
1 Emp2 3
Writing queries with grouping sets
SELECT <column list with aggregate(s)>
FROM <source>
GROUP BY
GROUPING SETS(
(<column_name>),--one or more columns
(<column_name>),--one or more columns
() -- empty parentheses if aggregating all rows
);
SELECT TerritoryID, CustomerID, SUM(TotalDue) AS
TotalAmountDue
FROM Sales.SalesOrderHeader
GROUP BY
GROUPING SETS((TerritoryID),(CustomerID),());
TerritoryID CustomerID TotalAmountDue
--------------- ----------- --------------
NULL 30116 211671.2674
NULL 30117 919801.8188
NULL 30118 313671.5352
NULL NULL 123216786.1159
3 NULL 8913299.2473
6 NULL 18398929.188
9 NULL 11814376.0952
1 NULL 18061660.371
7 NULL 8119749.346
CUBE and ROLLUP
SELECT TerritoryID, CustomerID, SUM(TotalDue) AS
TotalAmountDue
FROM Sales.SalesOrderHeader
GROUP BY CUBE(TerritoryID, CustomerID)
ORDER BY TerritoryID, CustomerID;
SELECT TerritoryID, CustomerID, SUM(TotalDue) AS
TotalAmountDue
FROM Sales.SalesOrderHeader
GROUP BY ROLLUP(TerritoryID, CustomerID)
ORDER BY TerritoryID, CustomerID;
<SELECT query_1>
<set_operator>
<SELECT query_2>
[ORDER BY <sort_list>]
-- only distinct rows from both queries are returned
SELECT ProductID, OrderQty, UnitPrice FROM Sales.SalesOrderDetail
UNION
SELECT ProductID, OrderQty, UnitPrice FROM Purchasing.PurchaseOrderDetail
-- all rows from both queries are returned
SELECT ProductID, OrderQty, UnitPrice FROM Sales.SalesOrderDetail
UNION ALL
SELECT ProductID, OrderQty, UnitPrice FROM Purchasing.PurchaseOrderDetail
-- only rows that exist in both queries are returned
SELECT ProductID, OrderQty, UnitPrice FROM Sales.SalesOrderDetail
INTERSECT
SELECT ProductID, OrderQty, UnitPrice FROM Purchasing.PurchaseOrderDetail
-- only rows from Sales are returned
SELECT ProductID, OrderQty, UnitPrice FROM Sales.SalesOrderDetail
EXCEPT
SELECT ProductID, OrderQty, UnitPrice FROM Purchasing.PurchaseOrderDetail
Pivoting data is rotating data from a rows-based orientation to a
columns-based orientation and DISTINCT values from a single
column are displayed across as column headings - may include
aggregation

The GROUPING SETS clause builds on the T-SQL GROUP BY
clause by allowing multiple groups to be defined in the same
query

A CUBE provides a shortcut for defining grouping sets given a
list of columns therefore all possible combinations of GROUPING
SETS are created

A ROLLUP provides a shortcut for defining grouping sets, by
creating combinations with the assumption the input columns
form a hierarchy




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