GUYTON & HALL Chapter 60: lecture 1 The Autonomic Nervous System (ANS); The Adrenal Medulla
By Dr. Mudassar Ali Roomi (MBBS, M.Phil) Assistant Professor Physiology Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) It is motor system for visceral organs, blood vessels and secretory glands This system helps to control: arterial pressure, gastrointestinal motility, gastrointestinal secretion, urinary bladder emptying, sweating, body temperature, and many other activities, One of the most striking characteristics of the autonomic nervous system is the rapidity and intensity with which it can change visceral functions.
Why is ANS called so? The name was given as it was thought that this system is independent of CNS. But it is controlled by many parts of CNS and these centers are present in the : medulla oblangata, pons mid brain, hypothalamus, portion of limbic system cerebral cortex. Spinal cord
CNS centres for control of ANS General Organization of the Autonomic Nervous System And Limbic cortex General Organization of the Autonomic Nervous System General Organization of the Autonomic Nervous System Sympathetic Nervous System
It consists of the thoraco lumbar outflow. The lateral horns of spinal segments T1-L2 contain cell bodies of the pre-ganglionic sympathetic neuron. Sympathetic ganglia can be divided into 2 groups. 1)Paravertebral ganglia (which make the sympathetic chain) 2)Pre-vertebral ganglia which include celiac ganglion, superior mesenteric ganglion, inferior mesenteric ganglion.
visceral motor neuron located in the intermediolateral horn of the spinal cord from T-1 to L-2 (thoracolumbar outflow) Axons can take 1 of 3 paths 1. enter the sympathetic chain via the white ramus and terminate there 2. enter the sympathetic chain via the white ramus and ascend or descend a few segments before terminating 3. enter via the white ramus and exit via a splanchnic nerve and terminate in a prevertebral ganglia Figure 60-2; Guyton & Hall Physiologic Anatomy of the sympathetic Nervous System Segmental Distribution of the Sympathetic Nerve Fibers
the sympathetic fibers from cord segment T-1 generally pass up the sympathetic chain to terminate in the head; from T-2 to terminate in the neck; from T-3, T-4, T-5, and T-6 into the thorax; from T-7, T-8, T-9, T-10, and T-11 into the abdomen; and from T-12, L-1, and L-2 into the legs. Segmental Distribution of the Sympathetic Nerve Fibers Special Nature of the Sympathetic Nerve Endings in the Adrenal Medullae Adrenal medulla is a part of the sympathetic nervous system Adrenal medulla cells are embryologicaly post- ganglionic sympathetic neuron lost their N.fibers to become secretory. Instead of giving post ganglionic symp N.fiber these secrete catacholamines (adrenaline & nor- adrenaline).
Physiologic Anatomy of the Parasympathetic Nervous System Visceral motor neurons are located in discrete brain stem nuclei and in sacral segments (S2-4). It is also called as craniosaccral outflow. Parasympathetic nerves originate from cranial nerves III, VII, IX, and X and the sacral spinal cord. occulomotor nerve - fibers to the pupillary sphincters and ciliary muscle facial nerve - fibers to nasal, lacrimal and submandibular gland glossopharyngeal nerve - fibers to parotid gland vagus nerve - motor inputs to visceral organs sacral segments - fibers to descending colon, rectum, bladder and genitalia
Neurotransmitters in ANS sympathetic nerves release norepinephrine at their nerve endings these nerves are call adrenergic nerves parasympathetic nerves release acetylcholine at their nerve endings these nerves are called cholinergic nerves All preganglionic sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves release acetylcholine. All postganglionic parasympathetic nerves release acetylcholine. almost all postganglionic sympathetic nerves release norepinephrine except for sweat glands, piloerector muscles and select blood vessels which release Ach ******
Mechanisms of Transmitter Secretion and Subsequent Removal of the Transmitter at cholinergic neuro-effector junction Mechanisms of Transmitter Secretion and Subsequent Removal of the Transmitter at the adrenergic neuro-effector junction Receptors of the Autonomic Nervous System Cholinergic receptors 1. Muscarinic receptors (M1, M2, M3) 2. Nicotinic receptors a. Nn b. Nm Adrenergic receptors 1. Alpha 1,2 2. Beta 1,2
Adrenergic receptors May 26, 2014 20 Cellular mechanism of action of neurotransmitters in ANS May 26, 2014 21 cAMP second messenger system May 26, 2014 22 cAMP second messenger system May 26, 2014 23 Phospholipid second messenger system May 26, 2014 24 Phospholipid second messenger system May 26, 2014 25 May 26, 2014 26 May 26, 2014 27 May 26, 2014 28