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5/28/2014
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RUSAYL INSTITUTE LLC
CHAPTER OUTLINE
3.5 DC Ohmmeter
3.6 Introduction to AC meter
3.7 dArsonval meter movement (half-wave
rectification)
3.8 dArsonval meter movement (full-wave
rectification)
3.9 Loading effects of AC meter
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OBJECTIVES
At the end of this chapter, students should be able to:
Explain the purpose of Ohmmeter
Describe the construction and operation of a
basic Ohmmeter
Describe the operation of half-wave rectifier
circuit
Trace the current path in a full-wave bridge
rectifier circuit
Calculate ac sensitivity and the value of
multiplier resistors for half-wave and full-wave
rectification
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3.5 DC OHMETER
The purpose of an Ohmmeter is to measure resistance
Resistance reading is indicated trough a mechanical
meter movement which operates on electric current.
Thus, Ohmmeter must have an internal source of
voltage to create current necessary to operate the
movement.
It also must have an appropriate ranging resistors to
allow just the right amount of current.
A simple Ohmmeter comprises battery and meter
movement as in figure below:
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3.5 DC OHMETER
When there is infinite resistance (no continuity between test
leads), there is zero current through the meter movement, and
the needle points toward the far left of the scale.
In this regard, the ohmmeter indication is "backwards" because
maximum indication (infinity) is on the left of the scale, while
voltage and current meters have zero at the left of their scales.
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3.5 DC OHMETER
If the test leads of the Ohmmeter are directly shorted together
(measuring zero ), the meter movement will have a maximum
amount of current through it, limited only by the battery voltage
and the movement's internal resistance:
With 9 volts of battery and only 500 of internal movement
resistance, current will be 18mA, which is far beyond the full-
scale rating of the movement will likely damage the meter.
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3.5 DC OHMETER
So, to avoid this, add series resistance to the meters circuit so
that the movement just registers full-scale when the test leads are
shorted together
To determine the proper value for R, calculate the R
total
needed to
limit current to only 1mA (full-scale) with 9V of potential from the
battery, then subtract the movement's internal resistance:
9
9
1
total
V V
R k
I mA
500 8.5
total
R R k
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3.5 DC OHMETER
Ohmmeters only function correctly when measuring
resistance that is not being powered by a voltage or
current source.
In other words, you cannot measure resistance with an
ohmmeter on a "live" circuit!
The reason for this is simple: the ohmmeter's accurate
indication depends on the only source of voltage being
its internal battery. The presence of any voltage across
the component to be measured will interfere with the
ohmmeter's operation.
If the voltage is large enough, it may even damage the
ohmmeter.
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EVALUATION
Find the value of R, scale, scale and
scale of this Ohmmeter?
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SUMMARY
In this sub-topic, we have learned about:
Ohmmeters contain internal sources of voltage to
supply power in taking resistance measurements.
An analog ohmmeter scale is "backwards" from that of
a voltmeter or ammeter, the movement needle reading
zero resistance at full-scale and infinite resistance at
rest.
Ohmmeters should never be connected to an
energized circuit (that is, a circuit with its own source of
voltage). Any voltage applied to the test leads of an
ohmmeter will invalidate its reading.
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3.6 INTRODUCTION TO AC
METER
Review
Most meters use a moving coil.
A coil of wire to which the pointer is attached is
pivoted between the poles of a permanent magnet.
When a current is present in the coil, it sets up a
magnetic field that interacts with the field of the magnet
to cause the coil to turn.
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3.6 INTRODUCTION TO AC
METER
An ac meter measures ac voltages; a dc meter
measures dc voltages.
The actual scale calibration of commercially made
(ac) voltmeters is almost always in terms of RMS (root
mean square) values useful when variates are positive and
negative, e.g., sinusoids
For sine waves this is satisfactory, and useful since
RMS is the standard measure at power-line frequency.
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3.6 INTRODUCTION TO AC
METER
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3.6 INTRODUCTION TO AC
METER
Half Waveform
Full Waveform
AC Waveform
There are two types of ac meters that will be
discussed.
i) Half-wave rectifier voltmeter
ii) Full-wave rectifier voltmeter
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3.6 INTRODUCTION TO AC
METER
AC Waveforms
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3.6 DARSONVAL METER MOVEMENT
(HALF-WAVE RECTIFICATION)
Rs
Rm I
m
Im
+
-
Still remember our DC Voltmeter, using dArsonval MM?
To measure ac with dArsonval MM, rectify the ac current by
using a diode rectifier
This process will produce a uni-directional current flow
Several types of diode rectifiers are available: -
copper oxide, vacuum diode, semiconductor diode etc.
The dArsonval meter movement
used in a DC voltmeter
1
dc
fsd
S
I