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9-1
Mechanical Transmissions
Chains
Belts
Gears
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CONTENTS
GEAR
TYPES OF GEARS
NOMENCLATURE
APPLICATIONS OF GEARS
VELOCITY RATIO
GEAR TRAINS
EXAMPLE PROBLEMS AND QUESTIONS

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Gears What are they?
Gears are wheels with
teeth. Gears mesh
together and make
things turn. Gears are
used to transfer motion
or power from one
moving part to another.
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Gears The Purpose
Sports cars go fast (have
speed) but cannot pull any
weight. Big trucks can
pull heavy loads (have
power), but cannot go
fast. Gears cause this.
Gears increase or decrease
the power or speed, but
you cannot generally
speaking.
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Gears are generally used for one of four
different reasons:
To reverse the direction of rotation
To increase or decrease the speed of rotation
To move rotational motion to a different axis


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TYPES OF GEARS
1. According to the position of axes of the shafts.
a. Parallel
1.Spur Gear
2.Helical Gear
3.Rack and Pinion
b. Intersecting
Bevel Gear
c. Non-intersecting and Non-parallel
worm and worm gears
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Types of Gears
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SPUR GEAR
Teeth is parallel to axis of
rotation
Transmit power from one shaft
to another parallel shaft
Spur Gears in any transmission
system are employed for
changing the speed and the
torque and are fixed on shafts
Gear A is called the driver because this
is turned by a motor. As gear A turns it
meshes with gear B and it begins to turn
as well. Gear B is called the driven
gear.
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Pinion
Gear
Spur Gears
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Spur Gears - Types
External Set:
Opposite Movement
Internal Set:
Movement in the
same direction
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Helical Gear
The teeth on helical gears are cut at an angle to
the face of the gear
This gradual engagement makes helical gears
operate much more smoothly and quietly than
spur gears
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Helical Gear
Helical Gears can be used for transmitting motion between parallel
shafts as between perpendicular shafts. Helical gears used for
transmission at an angle are called SPIRAL GEARS.
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Herringbone gears

Herringbone gears are
mostly used on heavy
machinery.
HERRING-BONE Gears are pairs of Helical Gears.
These gears are used for large power transmission.
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Rack and pinion
Rack and pinion gears are used
to convert rotation (From the
pinion) into linear motion (of the
rack)
A perfect example of this is the
steering system on many cars
The rotary motion of pinion 1
(small gear) is transformed into
linear motion of the rack 2. For
transmitting large power worm &
worm rack transmission is
employed.
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A rack and pinion gears system looks quite unusual. However,
it is still composed of two gears. The pinion is the normal
round gear and the rack is straight or flat. The rack has
teeth cut in it and they mesh with the teeth of the pinion gear.

The pinion rotates and moves the rack in a straight line -
another way of describing this is to say rotary motion
changes to linear motion.

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Bevel gears can be used to change the
direction of drive in a gear system by
90 degrees. A good example is seen
as the main mechanism for a hand
drill. As the handle of the drill is
turned in a vertical direction, the
bevel gears change the rotation of the
chuck to a horizontal rotation
Bevel gears
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Straight and Spiral Bevel Gears
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WORM AND WORM GEAR
Worm gears are used when large gear reductions are
needed. It is common for worm gears to have
reductions of 20:1, and even up to 300:1 or greater
Many worm gears have an interesting property that
no other gear set has: the worm can easily turn the
gear, but the gear cannot turn the worm
Worm gears are used widely in material handling
and transportation machinery, machine tools,
automobiles etc
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Types of Gears
According to the position of axes of the shafts
A. Parallel
Spur Gears
Herringbone
Gears
Helical
Gears
C. Planetary
Planetary
Gears
B. Perpendicular Axis
Intersecting
Bevel
Gears
Non Intersecting
Worm Gears
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Planetary Gears
suited for highly dynamic drives
With their weight advantage, planetary
gearboxes are also well established for
extremely high output torque and for
mobile applications.
The maximum ratio that can be achieved in a
single stage is approximately i = 12. Larger
ratios are then achieved by adding further
downstream stages.

Alongside the increased load capacity, it is also reduce
noise emissions.
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Nomenclature of Spur Gear Teeth
= (tooth spacing)
driven gear
(tooth thickness)
driver
, measured
on the pitch circle.
Backlash
Pitch circle
gear diam.
Fillet radius
Clearance
Base Circle
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NOMENCLATURE.
Face of a tooth: That part of the tooth surface lying outside
the pitch surface.
Flank of a tooth: The part of the tooth surface lying inside the
pitch surface.
Circular thickness (also called the tooth thickness): The
thickness of the tooth measured on the pitch circle. It is the
length of an arc and not the length of a straight line.
Tooth space: pitch diameter The distance between adjacent
teeth measured on the pitch circle.
Backlash: The difference between the circle thickness of one
gear and the tooth space of the mating gear.
Circular pitch (Pc) : The width of a tooth and a space,
measured on the pitch circle.

N
D
P
c

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NOMENCLATURE OF SPUR GEARS
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