01 - 03813-Lzu113302 B

MINI-LINK HC Operation & Maintenance 01/038 13 - LZU 113 302 B 1
Basic Microwave Propagation

Agenda
Transmission quality
Link budget
Free Space Loss
Radio and Antenna properties
Frequency planning
Line of Sight
Fading
Link budget
A = Free Space Loss
(incl. Gas Absorption)
G
RX
Antenna Gain
P
TX
Output Power
G
TX
Antenna Gain
P
RX
Input Power
Distance
Receiver
Threshold Level
Power
Level
[dBm]
Frequency
Fade Margin
d
f
Basic Free Space Loss
A = 92.4 + 20 log d + 20 log f

d = distance in km
f = frequency in GHz

0
A = 92.4 + 20 log 30 + 20 log 15 = 145 dB

0
Basic Free Space Loss Calculation
High frequency
Easier to get license
Short range
Urban use in general
Low frequency
Long range
Generally used in rural areas
Free space loss
Generally frequency licenses shall be applied for from national administrations
Modulation Techniques, examples
C-QPSK (4QAM)
4 symbols
2 bits/symbol
16-QAM
16 symbols
4 bits/symbol
128-QAM
128 symbols
7 bits/symbol
Channel spacing [MHz]
3.5
7
14
28
56 (2x 28)
C-QPSK
4
8
16
37
16QAM

16
37

155
128QAM

155
Traffic capacity [Mbit/s]
Available combinations in MINI-LINK
C-QPSK
16QAM
128QAM
Distance [km]
Traffic capacity
per bandwidth
Antenna
Antenna gain
Lower radio frequency Larger antenna
Longer path length Larger antenna
A small antenna gives:
Less windload, less visibility and
lower cost for antenna
and installation
A large antenna gives:
Higher gain, thereby longer hop
and/or higher transmission
quality
Link Budget
Antenna Gain
Transmitter
output power
I
n
p
u
t

p
o
w
e
r

t
o

t
h
e

r
e
c
e
i
v
e
r

Receiver threshold level
Distance [km]
Power
Level
[dBm]
Antenna
Gain
[dBi]
0.3m antenna
0.6m antenna
1.2m antenna
0 km n km
Agenda
Link budget
Frequency planning
Line of Sight
Atmospheric properties
Fresnell zone
Ground clearance
Fading
Line of sight
Heights of masts must be designed so that there is
a radio optical free line of sight and a sufficiently large
ground clearance.
Due to atmospheric properties the radio beam is normally
bent slightly downwards
Radio optical line of sight
Geometrical line of sight
Ground clearence
Line of sight
Refraction
The bending effect is described by the k-factor
k = 4/3 corresponds to a standard atmosphere
The earth radii is multiplied with the k-factor and thereby,
at standard atmosphere, making the earth flatter.
Radio optical line of sight
Geometrical line of sight
Ground clearence
Line of sight
Earth bulge
Earth bulge
Flat earth surface
Real earth bulge, k = 1
Radio optical earth bulge at
standard atmosphere, k = 4/3
Radio optical earth bulge at
sub refractive atmosphere, k = 2/3
5km 15km 50km
0.4m
0.5m
0.7m
3.3m
4.4m
6.7m
37m
50m
75m
Hop length:
Line of sight
The 1:st Fresnell zone
The signal power is distributed in the
space surrounding the direct line of sight
Line of sight
1st zone
Line of sight
The 1:st Fresnell zone, examples of radii at mid path
r
F
15GHz
7GHz
38GHz
5km 15km 50km
7m
5m
3m
12m
8m
5m
23m
16m
10m
Hop length:
Line of sight
Design Objective
The 1st Fresnel zone shall be free from obstacles when k = 4/3
On paths over water surfaces or desert areas,
it is recommended to have the 1st Fresnel zone free from
obstacles when k = 1
r
F
Line of sight
Obstruction Loss - Knife-edge Obstructions
6 dB 20 dB 16 dB 12 dB 0 dB 0 dB
Line of Sight
Agenda
Link budget
Frequency planning
Line of Sight
Fading
Rain fading
Multipath fading
Rain fading
Rain drops real shape:
H
V
Horizontally polarised waves are
attenuated more than vertically
polarised waves
Radio frequency (GHz)
0.4
1
2
4
10
22
30
50
100
150
Tropical
Downpour
Heavy
Rain
Medium
Heavy
Rain
Light
Rain
Drizzle
I
n
s
t
a
n
t
a
n
e
o
u
s

R
a
i
n

I
n
t
e
n
s
i
t
y

(
m
m
/
h
)

0.01
0.1
1
10
50
R
a
i
n

A
b
s
o
r
p
t
i
o
n

C
o
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t

(
d
B
/
k
m
)

5 10 20 50 100
Rain fading
7 GHz
0.15 dB/km
2.4 dB/km
38 GHz
37 dB/km
150
6.0 dB/km
22
Rain fading
Effect and what to do
eff
d
d
Rain fading will be seen as:
Low RF input power to the receiver
resulting in Unavailable time (UAT)
What to do?
Lower frequency band
Increased system gain (increased fade margin)
Larger antennas, increased transmitter output power.
Vertical antenna polarization
(Shorter hop)
Multipath Fading
Due to Atmospheric Layers
Multipath Fading
Due to Atmospheric Layers
Multipath Fading
Flat fading
The loss is uniform across the
frequency spectrum

Selective fading
The loss varies across the
frequency spectrum
Multipath Fading
Frequency Spectrum
Channel bandwidth (MHz)
R
e
c
e
i
v
e
d

p
o
w
e
r

l
e
v
e
l

[
d
B
m
]

Fading free
Flat fading
Selective fading
Center fq
Multipath Fading
Effect and what to do
Multipath fading will be seen as:
Bit errors in the transmission.
Resulting in
Errorred seconds (ES)
Severely errorred seconds (SES)
What to do?
At flat multipath fading:
Increased system gain
Larger antennas,
Increased transmitter output power.
Space or Frequency diversity
(Shorter hop)
What to do?
At frequency selective multipath fading:
Space or Frequency diversity
(Shorter hop)
Agenda
Link budget
Frequency planning
Frequency plan
Sub-band allocation
Interfering signals
Line of Sight
Fading
Frequency Planning
Channel Spacing
3.5 MHz
3.5 MHz
7 MHz
7 MHz
14 MHz
14 MHz
28 MHz
28 MHz
By international regulations microwave radio-link frequency bands are divided
into channels with different frequency bandwidths, defined as channel spacing.
Wide bandwidth: more information, traffic, can be sent over the path.
Narrow bandwidth: more paths can be present in a certain geographical area
without disturbing each other, and each path may be longer.
Channel spacing
Frequency Planning
Channel arrangement example, 15GHz band, ITU-R Rec. F.636
3.5 MHz
28 MHz
1D 15D
1A 3A 5A 7A 114A 116A 118A 120A
7 MHz
1B 2B 3B 4B 57B 58B 59B 60B
14 MHz 1C 2C 29C 30C
1
4
5
0
0

M
H
z

1
4
9
2
5

M
H
z

3.5 MHz
28 MHz
1D 15D
1A 3A 5A 7A 114A 116A 118A 120A
7 MHz
1B 2B 3B 4B 57B 58B 59B 60B
14 MHz 1C 2C 29C 30C
1
4
9
2
4

M
H
z

1
5
3
4
3

M
H
z

Upper band
Lower band
LOW HIGH
LOW LOW
Frequency Planning
Sub-band Allocation
NO YES
LOW HIGH LOW HIGH LOW
Frequency Planning
Sub-band Allocation
Vertical polarization
Frequency Planning
Interfering signals
H-pol.
V-pol.
V-pol.
H-pol.
V-pol
H-pol H-pol
V-pol
G
RX
Antenna Gain
P
TX
Output Power
G
TX
Antenna Gain
P
RX
Input Power
Power
Level
[dBm]
Degraded Threshold Level
Nominal Threshold Level
Frequency Planning
Interfering signals
Frequency Planning
Interfering signals, effect and what to do
Interfering signals will be seen as:
Degraded path performances resulting
in ES / SES / UAT despite correct
RF input power to the receiver
What to do?
Change of antenna polarization
High Performance antennas
Larger antennas / lower transmitter output power
Shadow the interfering signal
Lower the antenna / Move the site
Use another frequency
Microwave fundamentals
Agenda
Link budget
Frequency planning
Line of Sight
Fading
Quality targets
Quality and Availability Targets
P
D
All links are designed to meet a certain transmission quality.
Internationally accepted recommendations for transmission quality
and how to predict it are published by the ITU
(International Telecommunication Union).
Quality is based on the ratio of errored bits.
In microwave radio links it is, besides the distance, fading from rain
or the fact that the signal can reach the receiver via different
paths in the atmosphere, multipath fading, that commonly
limits the performances.

01 - 03813-Lzu113302 B

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MINI-LINK HC Operation & Maintenance 01/038 13 - LZU 113 302 B 1

Basic Microwave Propagation

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