Introduction To Packet Voice Technologies

2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
Cisco Public Presentation_ID 1

1
Fundamentos de Telefona IP
Introduction to Packet
Voice Technologies
2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public ULg VoIP 2
Basic Components of a Telephony Network
Basis Components of a Telephony Network
PSTN: Public switched telephone network

Analog telephone: Able to connect directly to the PSTN
and is the most common device on the PSTN. Converts
audio into electrical signals.

Digital telephone: Typically connects to a PBX system.
Converts audio into binary 1s and 0s, which allows more
efficient communication than analog.

Private switch: Allows a business to operate a miniature
PSTN inside its company. This provides efficiency and
cost savings because each phone in the company does
not require a direct connection to the CO switch.

Basis Components of a Telephony Network
Central office (CO) switch: Provides services to the
devices on the local loop. These services include
signaling, digit collection, call routing, setup, and teardown.

Trunk: Provides a connection between switches. These
switches could be CO or private.

Local loop: The link between the customer premises
(such as a home or business) and the telecommunications
service provider

Local Loops, Trunks, and Interswitch
Communication
The communication path between several central office
switches is known as a trunk. Just as it is not cost-effective to
place a physical wire between your house and every other
house you want to call, it is also not cost-effective to place a
physical wire between every central office switch.
Local Loops, Trunks, and Interswitch
Communication
Meshed Network Versus Hierarchical Network
Circuit-Switching Hierarchy
Switches are currently deployed in hierarchies. End office
switches (or central office switches) interconnect through
trunks to tandem switches (also referred to as Class 4
switches). Higher-layer tandem switches connect local tandem
switches
PSTN Services and Applications

Call blocking Blocks specific incoming numbers so that
callers are greeted with a message saying the call is not
accepted.

Calling line ID blocking Blocks the outgoing directory
number from being shown on someone else's display. (This
does not work when calling 800-numbers or certain other
numbers.)

Automatic callback Enables you to put a hold on the last
number dialed if a busy signal is received and then
automatically place the call to the initiator's line once the
destination is free. This is sometimes also called camp on.

Circuit-switched long distance Basic long-distance services
(normally at a steeply discounted rate).

Calling cards Pre-paid and post-paid calling cards.

Central Office Switches
What is a PBX?
PBX: Private Branch Exchange
What is a PBX?
Control complex: Provides the intelligence behind the PBX
system; all call setup,routing, and management functions
are contained in the control complex.

Line cards: Provide the connection between telephone
handsets and the PBX system.

Trunk cards: Provide connections from the PBX system to
the PSTN or other PBX systems.

What is a Key System?
Comparing Key Systems with PBXs
Basic Call Setup
Loop
(Local or Station)
+
48v

Station PBX or Central Office
Switch
Loop Start Signaling (FXS)
T
R
On-hook,
open loop
BELL
+

DC Current Switch
48v
Off-hook,
close loop
BELL
+

AC
Ringing
Switch
BELL !!
48v BELL
Ring on-hook
Ans off-hook
Current
sense
On-Hook
Open
Circuit
Basic Call Progress: Idle
Telephone
Switch
Local
Loop
48v
Local
Loop
On-Hook
Open
Circuit
DC Current
Dialed Digits
Pulses or Tones
Off-Hook
Closed
Circuit
Basic Call Progress: Dialing
Telephone
Switch
Local
Loop
48v
dialtone
On-Hook
Open
Circuit
Local
Loop
Off-Hook
Closed
Circuit
Basic Call Progress: Switching
Address
to
Port
Translation
Telephone
Switch
48v
?
On-Hook
Open
Circuit
Local
Loop
Local
Loop
Basic Call Progress: Ringing
Ring Back
Tone
Off-Hook
Closed
Circuit
Telephone
Switch
On-Hook
Open
Circuit
90V AC
Ring Signal
48v
RG
Voice Energy
DC Current
Local
Loop
Local
Loop
Off-Hook
Closed
Circuit
Basic Call Progress: Talking
Telephone
Switch

Voice Energy
DC Current
Off-Hook
Closed
Circuit
48v
RG
X
Address Signaling
Informational Signaling
Digital vs Analog Connections
Sending Multiple Calls over a Single Line
The original problems of analog connections:

The signal degrades over long distances.

You cant send multiple calls over a single line (resulting
in massive cabling requirements).

Digitizing voice solves the first problem because you can
easily transmit a numeric value any distance a cable can
run without any degradation or line noise. Time-division
multiplexing (TDM) solves the second problem.
Time-Division Multiplexing
Time-Division Multiplexing
Frequency-Division Multiplexing
Drawbacks to the PSTN
Data has overtaken voice as the primary traffic on many
networks built for voice.

The PSTN cannot create and deploy features quickly
enough.

Data/Voice/Video (D/V/V) cannot converge on the PSTN
as currently built.

The architecture built for voice is not flexible enough to
carry data.

VoIP Overview
VoIP is the family of technologies that allows IP networks to be
used for voice applications, such as telephony, voice instant
messaging, and teleconferencing. VoIP defines a way to carry
voice calls over an IP network, including the digitization and
packetization of the voice streams. IP Telephony VoIP
standards create a telephony system where higher-level
features such as advanced call routing, voice mail, and contact
centers can be utilized.
VoIP Overview
VoIP services convert your voice into a digital signal that
travels over an IP-based network.

If you are calling a traditional phone number, the signal is
converted to a traditional telephone signal before it reaches its
destination. VoIP allows you to make a call directly from a
computer, a VoIP phone, or a traditional analog phone
connected to a special adapter. In addition, wireless hot spots
in locations such as airports, parks, and cafes that allow you to
connect to the Internet might enable you to use VoIP services.
VoIP Advantages
VoIP Advantages
Packet Telephony vs. Circuit Switched
Circuit Switching vs Packet Switching
Call Control
Distributed Call Control
Centralized Call Control
Packet Telephony Components
Gatekeeper: Provides Call Admission Control (CAC),
bandwidth control and management, and address
translation.

Gateway: Provides translation between VoIP and non-
VoIP networks, such as the PSTN.

Multipoint Control Unit (MCU): Provides real-time
connectivity for participants in multiple locations to attend
the same videoconference or meeting.
Call agent: Provides call control for IP phones, CAC,
bandwidth control and management, and address
translation. Unlike a gatekeeper, which in a Cisco
environment typically runs on a router, a call agent typically
runs on a server platform.

Application servers: Provide services such as voice mail,
unified messaging, and Cisco Communications Manager
Attendant Console.
Real-Time vs. Best-Effort Traffic
Physical Connectivity Options
Connections to the PSTN
Trunks
Trunks are used to interconnect gateways or PBX systems to
other gateways, PBX systems, or the PSTN. A trunk is a single
physical or logical interface that contains several physical
interfaces and connects to a single destination.

This could be a single FXO port that provides a single line
connection between a Cisco gateway and a FXS port of small
PBX system, a POTS device, or several T1 interfaces with 24
lines each in a Cisco gateway providing PSTN lines to several
hundred subscribers.

Trunk ports can be analog or digital and use a variety of
signaling protocols
Foreign Exchange Station (FXS) Interface
Foreign Exchange Office (FXO) Interface
E&M Interface
Analog Trunks
T1 Interface
E1 Interface
BRI Interface
Connectivity Options
Campus LAN Environment
Centralized Call Processing Environment
Distributed Call Processing Environment
Service Provider Environment

Introduction To Packet Voice Technologies

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2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Cisco Public Presentation_ID 1

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