Fast Track 1999 Process Control / Measurements Lafarge Institut Cimentier / 1
FAST TRACK September 1999 MEASUREMENTS
Institut Cimentier Notes Fast Track 1999 Process Control / Measurements Lafarge Institut Cimentier / 2 1 2 Fast Track Part 1/1999 / Process Control - Measurements / Institut Cimentier / 1 Measurements WHY Fast Track Part 1/1999 / Process Control - Measurements / Institut Cimentier / 2 Measurements Flow (Pressure) Flow (Pressure) Temperature Temperature Power Power Notes Fast Track 1999 Process Control / Measurements Lafarge Institut Cimentier / 3
SLD 13:00-xx Why measurements Objectives: Be able to take any given measurement for an audit Direct other to take the measurements
Intro: I will be looking for answers/ comments from group therefore - don't flip ahead Explain Objectives
Why do measurements? Why do we need good measurements?
Measurements As with gas laws. the important measurements to be made are in order to obtain: 1) Pressure (total, static, and/or velocity) 2) Temperature (wet-bulb and dry bulb) 3) Flow (velocity) MEASUREMENTS
Notes Fast Track 1999 Process Control / Measurements Lafarge Institut Cimentier / 4 3 4 Fast Track Part 1/1999 / Process Control - Measurements / Institut Cimentier / 3 Why do we need to MEASURE? To obtain data used for process control What is important when measuring? Measurement Method Precision Repeatability Fast Track Part 1/1999 / Process Control - Measurements / Institut Cimentier / 4 Airflow Measurement Methods Pitot Tubes (S & L) Anemometers Piezo metric Rings Fan Curves Pitot Tubes (S & L) Anemometers Piezo metric Rings Fan Curves Notes Fast Track 1999 Process Control / Measurements Lafarge Institut Cimentier / 5
SLD 13:00-xx Why do we need measure?
GROUP ANSWER FIRST Why do measurements? - Write answers on flip chart What is important in measuring? Why do we need good measurements? * Make sure that they realize that without reliable and accurate measurements (i.e. the right numbers) all further process work will be wrong and wrong conclusions and recommendations may be made.
Airflow measurement methods
Mention that there are various methods for determining the airflow Ask why you would use one over the other - answer that each method has advantages and disadvantages and that knowing what they are will determine what method to use at what location. Pitot tubes most frequently used Anemometers at fan inlets, usually when no suitable location for Pitot tubes is available Piezometric rings, for continuous monitoring Fan curves for design numbers (lacks in precision) MEASUREMENTS
Question ? Notes Fast Track 1999 Process Control / Measurements Lafarge Institut Cimentier / 6 5 6 Fast Track Part 1/1999 / Process Control - Measurements / Institut Cimentier / 5 The Pitot Tube Total Pressure Velocity + Static Static Static 0-40 0-10 0-2 Ref 1.25 Fast Track Part 1/1999 / Process Control - Measurements / Institut Cimentier / 6 S Type Pitot Tubes Airflow Used in Dusty Streams Need Calibration Factor Either Cp or Cv Manometer connections + ve to Total Pressure - ve to Static Pressure Used in Dusty Streams Need Calibration Factor Either Cp or Cv Manometer connections + ve to Total Pressure - ve to Static Pressure Measures Total Pressure Measures Static P Notes Fast Track 1999 Process Control / Measurements Lafarge Institut Cimentier / 7
SLD 13:00-xx The Pitot tube Mention that there are two types of Pitot tubes: S tube L tube Use in conjunction with a manometer to determine the velocity pressure, which determines the air velocity It is the most common method used to determine airflow.
S type Pitot tubes SHOW S PITOT TUBE
Emphasize that the S-tube is used mostly in our systems due to dirty air streams. The difference between Total and Static pressure is the velocity pressure. Velocity pressure will always be positive. S-tube has a correction factor usually c=0.85 (approximately) Show direction of L-tube with respect to flow direction MEASUREMENTS
Notes Fast Track 1999 Process Control / Measurements Lafarge Institut Cimentier / 8 7 8 Fast Track Part 1/1999 / Process Control - Measurements / Institut Cimentier / 7 L Type Pitot Tubes Used in clean gas streams No calibration factor (always = 1) Same manometer connections as S + ve to Total Pressure - ve to Static Pressure Used in clean gas streams No calibration factor (always = 1) Same manometer connections as S + ve to Total Pressure - ve to Static Pressure Airflow Measures Static P Measures Total Pressure (Vel + Static) Fast Track Part 1/1999 / Process Control - Measurements / Institut Cimentier / 8 Pitot Tube Measurement Locations Circular cross-section of duct Rectangular cross-section of duct Circular cross-section of duct Rectangular cross-section of duct x x x x x x x x x x x
x Notes Fast Track 1999 Process Control / Measurements Lafarge Institut Cimentier / 9
SLD 13:00-xx L type Pitot tubes SHOW L PITOT TUBE
Emphasize that the L-tube is used in clear airstreams only, it plugs up easily in dusty conditions The difference between Total and Static pressure is the velocity pressure. Velocity pressure will always be positive. L-tube does not have a correction factor c = 1. Emphasize that for both types of tubes, the connections are important. Show direction of L-tube with respect to flow direction
Pitot tube measurement locations Ask group where they would take Pitot tube readings? Ask group: What do you need to take a Pitot tube reading? Size of duct (ID or area of rectangle Location of measurement points within the duct. -explain that different sources offer different recomm. - more is always better
Explain that with a circular duct it is best if three sample ports at 60 degrees from each other is used. However it is most common to only have two sample ports at 90 degrees from each other
MEASUREMENTS
Question ? Notes Fast Track 1999 Process Control / Measurements Lafarge Institut Cimentier / 10 9 10 Fast Track Part 1/1999 / Process Control - Measurements / Institut Cimentier / 9 Pitot Tube Measurement Locations in a circular duct X 1 X 2 X 3 X 4 X n D Fast Track Part 1/1999 / Process Control - Measurements / Institut Cimentier / 10 Pitot Tube Measurement Locations in a rectangular duct Inside Number of diameter traverse points K 1 K 2 K 3 K 4 K 5 K 6 K 7 K 8 K 9 K 10 K 11 K 12 K 13 K 14 K 15 K 16 of duct in each of 3 diameters Less than 8 ft 8 .021 .117 .184 .345 .655 .816 .883 .979 - - - - - - - - 8 ft thru 12 ft 12 .014 .075 .114 .183 .241 .374 .626 .759 .817 .886 .925 .986 - - - - Greater than 12 ft 16 .010 .055 .082 .128 .166 .225 .276 .391 .609 .724 .775 .834 .872 .918 .945 .990 Notes Fast Track 1999 Process Control / Measurements Lafarge Institut Cimentier / 11
SLD 13:00-xx Pitot tube measurement locations in a circular duct
In order to obtain a representative average airflow, it is necessary to locate the traverse measurement points accurately. For a circular duct, according to AMCA (Air movement and control association), it is recommended that the number of traverse points as indicated on the slide are based on log-linear Pitot traverse method. Explain that the circular points on the drawing are the sample points while the equation: X n = D * k n
where X N = the sample location (of point n) D = inside diameter of the duct k n = the factor from the table on the slide
Mention that it is important to mark the Pitot tube (often with tape) before starting. Another important point is not to forget the nipple size.
Pitot tube measurement locations in a rectangular duct
Similar to the circular ducts, traverse points must also be determined for a rectangular duct.
MEASUREMENTS
Notes Fast Track 1999 Process Control / Measurements Lafarge Institut Cimentier / 12 11 12 Fast Track Part 1/1999 / Process Control - Measurements / Institut Cimentier / 11 What data is required to determine airflow Pitot Tube - Cv Duct Dimension Gas Density Velocity Pressure Pitot Tube - Cv Duct Dimension Gas Density Velocity Pressure Remember: where V = gas velocity
P V = velocity pressure C V = Pitot tube factor r = gas density V C P V V = | \
| . | * * 2
Fast Track Part 1/1999 / Process Control - Measurements / Institut Cimentier / 12
75% Rule Data is GOOD when: 75% of Pv > 0.1 x Pv max How do you know if data is good? Notes Fast Track 1999 Process Control / Measurements Lafarge Institut Cimentier / 13
SLD 13:00-xx What data is required to determine ariflow It is important to have a well calibrated S-type Pitot tube in order to have an accurate value for C V . Remind them that C V = 1 for an L-tube.
With this information we will know the airflow
Remind them of the velocity equation as seen in Basic Gas Laws with the added C V factor.
How do you know if data is good GROUP ANSWER FIRST How do you know if your data is good?
It is essential to be able to eliminate numbers that are not good. Turbulence of flow can severely affect flow measurements. The location of your flow measurements along the system are very important.
EXPERIENCE will the guide in the future.
MEASUREMENTS
Question ? Notes Fast Track 1999 Process Control / Measurements Lafarge Institut Cimentier / 14 13 14 Fast Track Part 1/1999 / Process Control - Measurements / Institut Cimentier / 13 75% of velocity press measurements are greater than 0.1 Pv max A- Ideal P. Distribution P. Max 10 P. Max B- Good P. Distribution P. Max 10 P. Max C- Satisfactory P. Distribution P. Max 10 P. Max P. Max 10 P. Max D- Do not use 80% 60% P. Max 10 P. Max E- Do not use 40% P. Max 10 P. Max F- Do not use 20% 35% 35% Fast Track Part 1/1999 / Process Control - Measurements / Institut Cimentier / 14 Measurement Locations Rule of Thumb - Good sampling location is 6 duct diameters downstream of a fitting 2 duct diameters upstream of a fitting Rule of Thumb - Good sampling location is 6 duct diameters downstream of a fitting 2 duct diameters upstream of a fitting A B E F C D Notes Fast Track 1999 Process Control / Measurements Lafarge Institut Cimentier / 15
SLD 13:00-xx This slide is to give the students an idea of what the velocity profile can be in a duct, as well as showing which of the profiles would seem acceptable and which would not.
Remind them that the picture is only in 2 dimensions and things could change if we went across the duct at another location (this is why we suggest 3 sample ports, and insist on at least two. In many cases, unacceptable data may be OK, and vice-versa.
Measurement locations Ask students where they would take Pitot tube measurements.
Stress the importance of sample locations.
Mention the difficulties in plants: location, temperature, material flow, etc. (tertiary air ducts, for example.
Explain that the rule of thumb is always possible. That is when decisions must be made and the 75% rule may be used, and other methods (anemometer or fan curves may be used)
It is important to realize that the fan curve may be used to make sure that measured results are in the right ballpark. MEASUREMENTS
Question ? Notes Fast Track 1999 Process Control / Measurements Lafarge Institut Cimentier / 16 15 16 Fast Track Part 1/1999 / Process Control - Measurements / Institut Cimentier / 15 - Inleakage - Plugging of Pitot tube - Material build-ups - Location of Measurement - Inleakage - Plugging of Pitot tube - Material build-ups - Location of Measurement What to watch out for in Pitot tube measurements? Fast Track Part 1/1999 / Process Control - Measurements / Institut Cimentier / 16 Anemometer 5.3 m/s Needed: Inlet Dimension Air Density: - temperature - air pressure - gas composition (water vapour) Needed: Inlet Dimension Air Density: - temperature - air pressure - gas composition (water vapour) Notes Fast Track 1999 Process Control / Measurements Lafarge Institut Cimentier / 17
SLD 13:00-xx What to watch out for in Pitot tube measurements Remember the importance of accurate measurements. Inleakage can drastically change results. Make sure to cover sample port as Pitot tube is inserted. Due to the dusty environment that are usually present during pressure measurements at a plant, Pitot tubes plug easily. Remember to use a S-tube in dusty ducts, but this can still plug. Material build-ups can reduce the cross-sectional area of a duct and increase the gas velocity, be sure that no significant build-ups are present at a sample location. Again the importance of measurement location is imperative, so make sure to choose wisely.
Anemometer Show the students a vane anemometer. Vane anemometer Hot wire anemometer Both measure air velocity Explain method Show the students the two methods of getting measurements: 1) circle method (from outside of grid, go encircles until the middle. 2) multiple measurements (average out errors) Remember: don't stand in front of grill watch - partially closed dmprs create Hi/lo, so need a uniform traverse accuracy can vary as much as 20% Question ? MEASUREMENTS
Notes Fast Track 1999 Process Control / Measurements Lafarge Institut Cimentier / 18 17 18 Fast Track Part 1/1999 / Process Control - Measurements / Institut Cimentier / 17 Anemometer - which Area? of Grill = Area2 Plane of measurement = Area1 Area1 > Area2 therefore V1 < V 2 Front View Full Inlet Side view Close-up of Grill
Open Area Fast Track Part 1/1999 / Process Control - Measurements / Institut Cimentier / 18 Anemometer - Which Area? Which Diameter? Scope to what point? No problem Notes Fast Track 1999 Process Control / Measurements Lafarge Institut Cimentier / 19
SLD 13:00-xx Anemometer - Which area? GROUP ANSWER FIRST What area? Does one take the grill into account?
In general the grill is ignored due to its small wire mesh. However if the mesh is large in diameter and the relative area is large, it must be taken into account, and adjusted for.
The determination of the area is often where the error in measurement (up to 20%) usually occurs.
Anemometer - Which area? What area? Want average air flow over area of flow
Whatever you use, be consistent. Without flute it is very easy. with a flute end to the duct, an approximation of the area must be taken as shown on diagram. Question ? MEASUREMENTS
Notes Fast Track 1999 Process Control / Measurements Lafarge Institut Cimentier / 20 19 20 Fast Track Part 1/1999 / Process Control - Measurements / Institut Cimentier / 19 Piezometric Rings Inlet Bell Piezometer On-line pressure analyzer provides continuous measured data Watch for: build up on screen dented inlet bell On-line pressure analyzer provides continuous measured data Watch for: build up on screen dented inlet bell Fast Track Part 1/1999 / Process Control - Measurements / Institut Cimentier / 20 Estimating Flows from Fan Curves 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 Volume (acfm x 1000) S t a t i c
P r e s s u r e
( i n W G ) P o w e r
( B H P ) Fan Curve (Clinker Cooler Fan) NOT CONSIDERED A GOOD PRACTICE BECAUSE OF SYSTEM EFFECTS NOT CONSIDERED A GOOD PRACTICE BECAUSE OF SYSTEM EFFECTS FAN CURVES REPRESENT FANS UNDER IDEAL LAB CONDITIONS FAN CURVES REPRESENT FANS UNDER IDEAL LAB CONDITIONS Notes Fast Track 1999 Process Control / Measurements Lafarge Institut Cimentier / 21
SLD 13:00-xx Piezometric rings The piezometric ring is used as a continuously monitoring tool.
Used in clean air streams only, due to plugging.
Not used for audit purposes due to large error possibilities (although it can be used to cross-check Pitot tube or anemometer readings.
Often used at inlets of cooler fans in cement industry.
Estimating flows from fan curves The last method of evaluating the airflow is with static pressure measurements, and a fan curve.
System effects May or may not be significant, but will drastically affect your results It is good practice to use it as a check
If the differences in fan curve vs. Pitot tube or anemometer results are significant one can: quantify the cost of system effects
MEASUREMENTS
Notes Fast Track 1999 Process Control / Measurements Lafarge Institut Cimentier / 22 21 22 Fast Track Part 1/1999 / Process Control - Measurements / Institut Cimentier / 21 Fast Track Part 1/1999 / Process Control - Measurements / Institut Cimentier / 22 Which is the right method to determine the airflow? Pitot Tubes (S & L) Anemometers Piezo metric Rings Fan Curves Pitot Tubes (S & L) Anemometers Piezo metric Rings Fan Curves Notes Fast Track 1999 Process Control / Measurements Lafarge Institut Cimentier / 23
SLD 13:00-xx Break
Give 10 minute break exactly (optional if time is available)
Which is the right method to determine airflow? Ask students what the right method is.
Answer: it is still debated, but several rules are present.
1) When an ideal location with steady flow is available, Pitot tubes are recommended. 2) Anemometers can be used at fan inlets only, when no appropriate Pitot tube location is available. 3) Piezometric rings and fan curves should be used as cross-checks or last resorts only.
Experience will guide, and it is a very good practice to use two different methods in order to verify answers as much as possible. Question ? MEASUREMENTS
Notes Fast Track 1999 Process Control / Measurements Lafarge Institut Cimentier / 24 23 Fast Track Part 1/1999 / Process Control - Measurements / Institut Cimentier / 23 What tools do we have to measure Temperature? - Thermometer - Sling thermometer - Infrared Temperature gun - Thermocouple - Pyrometers - Calorimeter - Thermometer - Sling thermometer - Infrared Temperature gun - Thermocouple - Pyrometers - Calorimeter Notes Fast Track 1999 Process Control / Measurements Lafarge Institut Cimentier / 25
SLD 13:00-xx What tools do we have to measure temperature?
Bring as many of these as possible. Explain the uses and limitations of each. 1) Thermometer: low temp. only (good accuracy. 2) Sling thermometer: low temp only, dry and wet bulb temps, difficult to use in ducts. 3) Infrared gun, poor accuracy, but used for difficult to access places as a quick guide or to determine surface temps. 4) Thermocouples: - high temp applications (can also obtain wet bulb temps by adding moist end. ( Very high use to obtain temperatures in ducts and other enclosed areas in cement industry) 5) Pyrometers:(2-color or hot wire) = high accuracy, measures surface temperatures 6) Calorimeter: Clinker exit temperature by temperature change of water.
Question ? MEASUREMENTS
Notes Fast Track 1999 Process Control / Measurements Lafarge Institut Cimentier / 26 24 Fast Track Part 1/1999 / Process Control - Measurements / Institut Cimentier / 24 Dry Bulb Temperature The gas stream temperature Get the thermocouple junction upstream of the port to avoid cooling from leak air Leak air T/C Gas flow 162 Notes Fast Track 1999 Process Control / Measurements Lafarge Institut Cimentier / 27
SLD 13:00-xx Dry bulb temperature
The dry bulb temperature is required in most cases. In most cement plant applications, a thermocouple is used to determine the temperature of the stream.
Gas stream temperature is obtained by placing the thermocouple into the flow. Remember that inleakage is a concern since it could lower the temperature reading.
There will be areas where the flow is so small that there is not directional flow, at this point inleakage becomes even more important to prevent.
Inleakage can be minimized by covering the port opening with your hand as the probe is inserted. MEASUREMENTS
Notes Fast Track 1999 Process Control / Measurements Lafarge Institut Cimentier / 28 25 26 Fast Track Part 1/1999 / Process Control - Measurements / Institut Cimentier / 25 Wet Bulb Temperature Start with wick thoroughly soaked Evaporation will lower temp from DB temp (if not the gas is saturated already) When the temperature comes to equilibrium you have the wet bulb temp Super heated vapor Air & H 2 O 130 Sat Vap Wet rag wick Wrapped on T/C Fast Track Part 1/1999 / Process Control - Measurements / Institut Cimentier / 26 Power Measurements Types of Motors (most common) Types of Motors (most common) Motor shaft power equations work for the above motors Motor shaft power equations work for the above motors 1) Variable Speed a) Variable Speed (AC) b) SCR (DC) 1) Constant Speed a) Induction (AC) b) Synchronous (AC) Notes Fast Track 1999 Process Control / Measurements Lafarge Institut Cimentier / 29
SLD 13:00-xx Wet bulb temperature Wet-bulb temperature readings are important but very difficult in cement plants. In ducts, sling thermometers can not be used and thermocouples are once again the instrument of choice. The tip of the thermocouple must be covered in a wet rag (or other) to insure 100% moisture. The temperature should hit stability as the wet bulb temp., but in reality, the equilibrium position is often very difficult to accurately determine, because dust clogs the rag or the water evaporates too quickly or there is too large a gap between the rag and the tip of the thermocouple which allows inleakage. Practice wet bulb measurements before an audit situation where time is of the essence.
Power measurements Ask group why we measure power? Explain that power is the amount of energy drawn by a motor. We must measure power because this is one of the important costs to a cement plant. Motors fall into two categories: Alternating Current (AC) and Direct Current (DC) Motors are also either constant speed or variable speed (variable speed motors are more expensive, but they draw less power. They are used when the motors output demand varies greatly). Question ? MEASUREMENTS
Notes Fast Track 1999 Process Control / Measurements Lafarge Institut Cimentier / 30 27 28 Fast Track Part 1/1999 / Process Control - Measurements / Institut Cimentier / 27 Motor Shaft Power If the motor is greater than 5 HP and operating at 90% or more of FLA: either of the following may be used [ ][ ] A) H mo = [NPH] H mo = Motor Shaft Horsepower NPH = Nameplate Horsepower FLA = Full Load Amps NPV = Nameplate Voltage NLA = No Load Amps Measured values the average for 3 phase MEAS AMPS FLA MEAS VOLTS NPV [ ][ ] B) H mo = [NPH] MEAS AMPS - NLA FLA - NLA y Equation A is within 5% for motors > 5 HP and < 90% FLA Use average of A and B for motors < 5 HP or > 90% FLA If H mo is less than 50% of NPH error can be 15% or more Fast Track Part 1/1999 / Process Control - Measurements / Institut Cimentier / 28 Single Phase, Direct Current & 3 Phase Motors H mo = [Amps] [Volts] [Power Factor] [Motor Eff] 746 Single Phase or DC Motors Single Phase or DC Motors For DC motors Delete Power Factor from the formula Use armature Amps and Volts H mo = 3 [Amps] [Volts] [Power Factor] [Motor Eff] 746 3 Phase Motors 3 Phase Motors Use the average of the measured phase values For variable frequency motors measure at the motor Notes Fast Track 1999 Process Control / Measurements Lafarge Institut Cimentier / 31
SLD 13:00-xx Motor shaft power
Explain the equations (they are straight forward). Explain that there are potential errors involved in power calculations. Give example (allow 2 minutes to solve), then correct.
NPH = 20 Hp MEAS Amps = 12 Amps FLA = 15 Amps MEAS Volts = 25 V Nameplate voltage = 28 V
Single phase, direct current phase motors
Single Phase, DC and 3 phase motors are measured differently. It is important to note that all results are in Horsepower. Give the formulas as stated. Explain that power is a calculated number (often calculated by a monitor). Big push from TYTP to reduce power. H mo = 20 Hp 12 V 15 V * 25 V 28 V H mo = 14.3 Hp MEASUREMENTS
Notes Fast Track 1999 Process Control / Measurements Lafarge Institut Cimentier / 32 29 Fast Track Part 1/1999 / Process Control - Measurements / Institut Cimentier / 29 Gas Analysis High temperature fibres PROBE Filter Leak-free Pump Gas Analyzer c/w Flowmeter Length of hose for cooling Dryer Oxygen CO CO 2 SO 2 NOx Stack Exhaust Gas Circuit Preheater Exit Preheater Cyclone Kiln Exit Notes Fast Track 1999 Process Control / Measurements Lafarge Institut Cimentier / 33
SLD 13:00-xx Gas analysis Another important measurement that is important to have is gas analysis. These are obtained primarily by on-line gas analyzers as shown.
Explain "typical" setup see drawing auxiliary pump may be needed (are a problem area for inleakage) filters may plug desiccant needed to be changed REMEMBER results will be on a dry basis
It is important to realize that Consultants are often hired to obtain results: they are often wrong watch for "standard air" watch for dry or wet basis cross-check (e.g. overall sulfur balance)
Portable oxygen analyzers are also common.
MEASUREMENTS
Notes Fast Track 1999 Process Control / Measurements Lafarge Institut Cimentier / 34 30 Fast Track Part 1/1999 / Process Control - Measurements / Institut Cimentier / 30 Calibration of Equipment Process equipment must be calibrated Many pieces are very sensitive to operating conditions Poorly calibrated instruments will lead to WRONG conclusions Process equipment must be calibrated Many pieces are very sensitive to operating conditions Poorly calibrated instruments will lead to WRONG conclusions Notes Fast Track 1999 Process Control / Measurements Lafarge Institut Cimentier / 35
SLD 13:00-xx Calibration of equipment It is essential to stress the importance of properly calibrated equipment.
State that a full audit may be put into question if poorly calibrated equipment is used (this includes weigh feeders also).
State that there are enough difficulties in obtaining good results (such as uneven flow, dusty conditions, difficult to access areas, difficult temperatures to obtain, clinker at kiln exit) without adding poor measurement tools. MEASUREMENTS
Notes Fast Track 1999 Process Control / Measurements Lafarge Institut Cimentier / 36 31 32 Fast Track Part 1/1999 / Process Control - Measurements / Institut Cimentier / 31 Recap Flow (Pressure) Flow (Pressure) Temperature Temperature Power Power Fast Track Part 1/1999 / Process Control - Measurements / Institut Cimentier / 32 Measurement - Completed See you tomorrow Notes Fast Track 1999 Process Control / Measurements Lafarge Institut Cimentier / 37
SLD 13:00-xx Recap
This afternoon we covered how to measure flow temperature and power.
Remember that the choice of the appropriate equipment is important. Reiterate the importance of measurement location. Calibration is important.
The measurement process is very important, prepare before measuring by knowing EVERYTHING that you wish to before starting to measure.
Measurement - completed
State that this is the end of day.
Tomorrow, they will start with fan systems MEASUREMENTS