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6-10
Full-Bridge (Single- and Three-Phase) Thyristor Converters
6-11
Single-Phase Thyristor Converters
One thyristor of the top group and one of the bottom group will conduct
If a continuous gate pulse is applied then this circuit will act like a full
bridge diode rectifier and the web forms are as shown below
o=0 for 1 and 2 and o=t for thyristors 3 and 4
6-12
1-Phase Thyristor Converter Waveforms
Assumptions: L
s
=0 and purely dc current
I
d
o: delay angle or firing angle
Prior to et=0, current is flowing through 3
and 4, and v
d
= -v
s
Beyond et=0, thyristors 1 and 2 become
forward biased, but cannot conduct until
o.
v
d
becomes negative between 0 and o as a
consequence of the delay angle
At et=o, gate pulse applied and current
commutation from thyristors 3 and 4 to 1
and 2 is instantaneous (L
s
= 0), and v
d
= v
s
Thyristors 1 and 2 will keep conducting
until 3 and 4 are fired
6-13
The expression for the average voltage V
d
:
Average dc Voltage as a Function of the Delay Angle
( ) o e e
t
t o
o
o
cos 9 . 0 sin 2
1
s s d
V t d t V V = =
}
+
Let V
d0
be the average dc voltage with o=0,
( )
s s d
V t d t V V 9 . 0 sin 2
1
0
0
= =
}
e e
t
t
Then, drop in average voltage due to o,
( ) o
o o
cos 1 9 . 0
0
= = A
s d d d
V V V V
The average power through the converter,
( ) dt i v
T
dt t p
T
P
T
d d
T
}
=
}
=
0 0
1 1
With a constant dc current (i
d
=I
d
),
o cos 9 . 0
1
0
d s d d
T
d d
I V V I dt v
T
I P = =
(
}
=
6-14
Average dc Output Voltage
The variation of V
d
as a function of o:
Average dc voltage is positive until o=90
o
: this region is called
the rectifier mode of operation
Average dc voltage becomes negative beyond o=90
o
: this
region is called the inverter mode of operation
o
o
o
cos
9 . 0
cos 9 . 0
0
= =
s
s
d
d
V
V
V
V
6-15
1-Phase Thyristor Converter
o AC side inductance is included, which generally cannot be ignored
in practical thyristor converters.
o For a given delay angle, there will be a finite commutation interval
o Commutation process is similar to that in diode bridge rectifiers
o During the commutation interval, all four thyristors conduct, and
therefore, v
d
=0, and the voltage v
Ls
=v
s
.
6-16
1-Phase Thyristor Converter
o During the commutation interval, all four thyristors conduct, and
therefore, v
d
=0, and the voltage v
Ls
=v
s
.
( )
( ) ( ) | |
o
e
o
e o o e
e e e
o
o
o
o
(
(
=
= + =
}
=
=
}
=
}
=
= =
+
+
s
d s
d s s s
d s
d
I
d
I
s s s
s
s
s
L s
V
I L
I L V dt t V A
I L di L dt t V A
dt
di
L v v
2
2
cos cos
2 cos cos 2 sin 2
2 sin 2
1
6-17
1-Phase Thyristor Converter: with and without L
s
o Voltage drop due to the inclusion of L
s
.
| |
| |
t
e
o
o
t
e
t
A
d s
s d
s d
d s
d
I L
V V
V V
I L
A
V
2
cos 9 . 0
cos 9 . 0
2
0
0
=
=
= =
=
=
without L
s
with L
s
6-18
Example
In the converter circuit, L
s
is 5% with the rated voltage of
230 V at 60 Hz and the rated volt-ampere of 5 kVA.
Calculate the commutation angle and V
d
/V
d0
with the
rated input voltage, power of 3 kW, and o=30
o
.
6-19
Solution
V I L V V
V
I L
A I
I I L V I V P
mH
Z
L
I
V
Z
A I
d s s d
s
d s
d
d d s s d d d
base
s
rated
rated
base
rated
5 . 173
2
cos 9 . 0
9 . 5
2
2
cos cos
3 . 17
3000
2
cos 9 . 0
30
4 . 1
377
05 . 0
58 . 10
74 . 21
230
5000
0 1
0
= =
=
(
(
=
=
=
(
= =
=
= =
= =
= =
e
t
o
o
e
o
e
t
o
o
O
6-20
Thyristor Converters: Inverter Mode (V
d
is negative)
Average value of v
d
is negative for
90
o
<o<180
o
. Average power P
d
is
negative (P
d
=V
d
I
d
) and thus power
flows from the dc to the ac side
On the ac side, P
ac
=V
s
I
s1
cos|
1
is
also negative because |
1
>90
o
Inverter mode of operation is
possible because there is a source
of energy on the dc side
ac side voltage source provides
commutation of current from one
pair of thyristors to the others
6-21
LL d
V V 35 . 1
0
=
3-ph Uncontrolled
Converters
6-22
3-ph Uncontrolled Converters (Commutation Effect)
6-23
3-ph Uncontrolled Converters (Commutation Effect)
6-24
Voltage drop in every 60 degree is
6-25
6-26