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WiFi
Is for Wireless Fidelity

By-Mayank Saxena
What is Wi-Fi?

Wi-fi is a wireless technology that uses
radio frequency to transmit data through
the air.
Vic-Hayes has been called the "father of Wi-Fi".
The first wireless products were under the name
WaveLAN was introduced in1991.
Wi-Fi allows you to use your computer or other
device to connect to the internet from anywhere
there is a Wi-Fi access point (often known as a
hot Spot.
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WiFi
WiFi is the wireless way to handle
networking.
It is also known as 802.11 networking.
The big advantage of WiFi is its simplicity.
You can connect computers anywhere in
your home or office without the need for
wires. The computers connect to the
network using radio signals, and
computers can be up to 100 feet or so
apart.

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What is the goal of 802.11 standard ?
To develop a Medium Access Control (MAC)
and Physical Layer (PHY) specification for
wireless connectivity for fixed, portable and
moving stations within a local area.
Wi-Fi Standards
Standard Speed Freq band Notes
802.11 2 Mbps 2.4 GHz (1997)
802.11a 54 Mbps 5 GHz (1999)
802.11b 11 Mbps 2.4 GHz
802.11g 54 Mbps 2.4 GHz

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Range and Performance

Performance decreases as distance
increases
802.11a
Indoor 40-300 feet
Outdoor 100 to 1000 feet
802.11b
Indoor 100-300 feet
Outdoor 400 1500 feet

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Wi-Fi network services
Distribution and integration
Association, re-association, and
disassociation
Authentication and deauthentication
Providing privacy.
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Do I need any license to use 802.11 device ?
No , 2.4 GHz and 5.0 GHz are public
available frequency !!!
WiFi Security
WiFi hotspots can be open or secure.

If a hotspot is open, then anyone with a
WiFi card can access the hotspot.

If it is secure, then the user needs to know
a WEP key to connect.

WEP stands for Wired Equivalent Privacy.
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WiFi Security (Conti)
WEP is an encryption system for the data
that 802.11 sends through the air.
Encryption system prevents any non-
authorized party from reading or changing
data.
Specifically, it is the process of encoding
bit stream in such a way that only the
person (or computer) with the key (a
digital sequence) can decode it.

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Wi-Fi Security(conti)
WEP ( wired equivalent privacy) 64/128 bits
Using RC4 algorithm, almost permanent key, very week
security, able to crack by collecting statistic
Current security level for 99.9% products on the market.
TKIP (temporal key integrity protocol )
Used RC4 algorithm with with a 128-bit "temporal key"
but changes temporal keys every 10,000 packets and key
dependes on address and sequence number.
Will be required to obtain WiFi certification from 09/01/03
AES (Advanced Encryption Standard )
New, much more stronger encryption, protect against hacker frames
in insertion. Need hardware accelerator. Optional feature.
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Frames types and subtypes
Three types of frames:
Control
(ACK,RTS,CTS ,Power Save )
Management
(Beacon,Probe Request ,Probe Response,
Association request , Association response )
Data
(Data, Null Data, Data_CF_Ack , .)


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How to connect a wi-fi device?
Stations (STA)
any wireless device
Access Point (AP)
connects BSS to DS
controls access by STAs
Basic Service Set (BSS)
a region controlled by an AP
mobility is supported within a
single BSS
Extended Service Set (ESS)
a set of BSSs forming a virtual
BSS
mobility is supported between
BSSs in an ESS
Distribution Service (DS)
connection between BSSs
DS
BSS1
BSS2
BSS3
STA1
STA2
STA3
ESS1
AP1
AP2
AP3
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Two types of access to air

DCF (distributed coordination function )
means everybody can speak and try
to get air : 100% on the market

PCF (point coordination function)
means ONE point coordinator (BOSS)
who will allowed you to speak
(like in bluetooth)

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Summary of required features and
difficulties...
Features
High speed operation (PHY only)
Fair access (DCF, PCF)
Time-bounded access (PCF)
Flexible configuration (BSS, IBSS)
Security (WEP)
Mobility support (ESS)
Low power (PS)

Difficulties
Hidden terminals (RTS/CTS)
Capture (CSMA/CA, ACK)
Noise and interference (ACK, frag)
Limited spectrum (licencing, PHYs)
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Acknowledgment
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802.11/802.16
Diff.b\w Bluetooth & Wi-Fi
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Conclusion
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The IEEE standards
group that oversees
Wi-Fi technology has
just approved a brand
new next-gen Wi-Fi
802.22 technology
that could allow your
home network to
span up to 60 miles!

Thankyou!
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