SIMULATION OF CORDIC BASED

AREA EFFICIENT EQUALIZER

Under the guidance of

Dr. Arti Noor & Ms. Sunita Prasad
BY

K. Sireesh Kumar
&
G. Pradeep Kumar
M.Tech(VLSI)
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PROBLEM STATEMENT:

Simulation of CORDIC based area efficient adaptive equalizers

in MATLAB environment and writing the verilog code for DTLMS and sign-
DTLMS algorithms and verifying their performance and convergence of the
algorithms.
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OBJECTIVE:
The main objective of the project is that to
reduce the inter symbol interference using DTLMS and sign-
DTLMS algorithms in any digital communication channel
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Scope:

For any digital

communication channel it can
be applied, for suppose let us
consider digital communication
channel shown in the figure
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Scope (contd.):
In the above shown block diagram we can see a
signal being transmitted from a transmitter to a receiver
through a communication channel, so while signal
moving from this channel we can observe noise and
symbol interference being added to the signal. We are
reducing this symbol interference using some well known
techniques which are just advancement of the basic LMS
algorithm
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WHAT IS AN ADAPTIVE EQUALIZER?

An adaptive equalizer is very much similar to an
adaptive filter where the weights( Filter co-efficients ) are adjusted
to minimize the average error power at the output with respect to
the transmitted symbols.
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WHY THESE ALGORITHMS HAVE BEEN

CHOSEN?
The LMS (least mean square) is one of the most well
known adaptive algorithms, which updates the filter coefficients by
a value that is proportional to the product of the input to the
equalizer and the output error. And because of the special
advantage of the LMS algorithm which are given below.
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Advantage of LMS:
Due to its relative computational simplicity and
desirable numerical qualities the LMS algorithms received a
great deal of attention in this field.
Disadvantage of LMS:
Its convergence is being surpassed by several
techniques. The implementation of an LMS algorithm is
very simple but cannot be pipelined because of the
recursive loop in its filter update formula and hence
prevents it from using in systems with higher data rates.
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Modified LMS Algorithms:

A modified version of the LMS algorithm called
the DLMS( Delayed- LMS) algorithm inserts certain
delays in the error feed back loop and hence pipe-lined
implementation can be possible with this algorithm.
WHY CORDIC IS BEING USED:
The fundamental operations in almost all
adaptive equalizers are suitable to be carried out by
multiply-accumulate (MAC) units due to requirement of
this kind of operations both in filtering as well as weight
adaptation.
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CORDIC Continued.
On the other hand CORDIC (COordinate Rotation
DIgital Computer) has received great deal of attention for its
excellent performance as an elegant alternative to MAC. The
CORDIC offers a unified iterative formulation to efficiently
evaluate many elementary functions such as trigonometric,
hyperbolic, exponential etc. The CORDIC computations are
pipelinable at the micro level and are sufficiently robust against
internal numerical errors.
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CORDIC Continued..
Since the feedback circuits are extremely
sensitive to numerical errors and an adaptive equalizer is
a feedback circuit due to its adaptive nature, it would be
extremely advantageous to use CORDIC based
implementations rather than MAC based
implementations.
A new version of the LMS algorithm called
the TLMS (Trigonometric LMS) algorithm has been
proposed by reformulating the LMS algorithm that
forcefully introduces CORDIC blocks in to the adaptive
equalizer.
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CORDIC Continued..
For pipelined implementation, its delayed version
called the DTLMS (Delayed TLMS) algorithm can be used.
The complex LMS is one of the members of the
LMS family, which can be utilized efficiently for adaptive
equalization in communication systems employing quadrature
amplitude modulation (QAM), which is very popular in digital
communications due to its high bandwidth efficiency.
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CORDIC Continued..
Keeping this in mind, a CORDIC realization of
the complex LMS based adaptive equalizer is presented
by proposing modification in the basic algorithm.
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Application Areas

Any digital communication channels like

• Mobile Communication
• Wireless LAN
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HARDWARE & SOFTWARE TO BE USED

Software/Hardware Availability

Tools
Yes
MATLAB

Modelsim XE Yes
 GANTT CHART The Supercomputing People

FEB MAR APR MAY

System study

System design,Layout stimulation ,verification

Minor Project Report writing

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REFERENCES

[1]. Adaptive equalization, Shahid U. H. Qureshi; proceedings of IEEE, vol.73, no.9,

September 1985, pages 1347-1389

[2]. Adaptive filter theory by Simon Haykin

.

[3]. Delayed least-mean-square algorithm, Wang, T.; Wang, C. L.; Electronics Letters,
Volume-31, Issue: 7, 30 March 1995, Pages: 524 – 526.

[4] A Trigonometric formulation of the LMS algorithm, M.Chakraborty, S.Pervin and

A.S.Dhar, Proc. of the national Conference on Communications, Kanpur, India, January
2001.

[5]. A Trigonometric Formulation of the LMS Algorithm for Realization on Pipelined

CORDIC, M.Chakraborty, A. S. Dhar and M. H. Lee, to appear in the IEEE Trans.
Circuits And Systems, part-II. August-1998.

[6]. A CORDIC Arithmetic Processor Chip; Haviland, G.L.; Tuszynski, A.A.; Solid-State
Circuits, IEEE Journal of, Volume: 15, Issue: 1, Feb 1980,Pages: 4 – 15.
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[7]. The quantization effects of the CORDIC algorithm, Hu, Y.H.; IEEE Transactions
on Signal Processing, [see also Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing,
IEEE Transactions on], Volume: 40, Issue: 4, April 1992,Pages: 834 – 844.

[8]. Samir Palnitkar, VerilogHDL, Pearson education, 2004(ISBN 81- 297- 0092- 1)
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