Circuit Theory

CIRCUIT THEORY
EE2151
UNIT-1
BASIC CIRCUITS ANALYSIS
IFET/EEE/CT/I YEAR/II SEM/EE2151/CT/VER 1.0
SYLLABUS
Ohms Law
Kirchoffs laws
DC and AC Circuits
Resistors in series and parallel circuits
Mesh current and node voltage
method of analysis for D.C and
A.C.circuits.
SUMMARY OF SI UNITS
UNIT PREFIXES USED IN SCIENTIFIC NOTATION
ELECTRICAL POTENTIAL:
Voltage, electromotive force (emf), or potential
difference, is described as the pressure or force that causes
electrons to move in a conductor. In electrical formulas and
equations, you will see voltage symbolized with a capital E,
while on laboratory equipment or schematic diagrams, the
voltage is often represented with a capital V.

ELECTRICAL QUANTITIES
ELECTRIC CURRENT:
Electron current, or amperage, is described as the movement
of free electrons through a conductor. In electrical formulas,
current is symbolized with a capital I, while in the laboratory
or on schematic diagrams, it is common to use a capital A to
indicate amps .
VOLTAGE
Alessandro Volta
1745-1827
Italian Physicist
Voltage is the electrical force that causes
current to flow in a circuit. It is measured in
VOLTS.
Current
Andre Ampere
1775-1836
French Physicist
Current is the flow of electrical charge
through an electronic circuit.
Direction of a current is opposite to the
direction of electron flow.
Current is measured in AMPERES (AMPS).

An Analogy
Force
Flow of water from one tank to another is a good analogy for an
electrical circuit and the mathematical relationship between
voltage, resistance, and current.
Force: The difference in the water levels Voltage
Flow: The flow of the water between the tanks Current
Opposition: The valve that limits the amount of water Resistance

Flow
Opposition
What is Voltage?
V = Electrical pressure - measured in volts.
H
2
O
High Pressure Low Pressure
What is Current?
Current is the flow of charge from a voltage source
1 Ampere (Amp) = Flow of 1 Coulomb/sec
+++
How Does Current Flow?
Current can only flow through conductors
+++
Metal wires (conductors)
Current
flow
When Does Current NOT Flow?
+++
Plastic material (insulators)
Current cannot flow through insulators
No current
flow
Note that Air is an Insulator
+++
Air
Current cannot flow through insulators
No current flow
Thats why a battery
doesnt discharge if left
on its own.
ELECTRIC POWER:
Power is the rate at which work is done.
Unit electric power is watt.
Power abbreviated with the capital letter P.
Measure for power is abbreviated with the
capital letter W.
P = I x E
Using Ohms Law for the value of voltage (E),
E = I x R
and using substitution laws,
P = I x ( I x R)
RESISTANCE:
Resistance is defined as the opposition to current flow.
Resistance is measured in ohms
Represented by the symbol (R)
Shorthand notation for ohm is the Greek letter capital
omega ().
One ohm is defined as that amount of resistance
that will limit the current in a conductor to one ampere
when the potential difference (voltage) applied to the
conductor is one volt.

R
SYMBOL
INDUCTANCE:
Inductance is defined as the ability of a coil to store energy,
induce a voltage in itself, and oppose changes in current
flowing through it.
The symbol used to indicate inductance is capital L.
The units of measurement is henries and is abbreviated by
capital H.
The negative sign indicates that voltage induced
opposes the change in current through the coil per unit time
SYMBOL
CONDUCTANCE:
Reciprocal of resistance is called conductance.
Conductance can be defined as the ability to
conduct current.
Unit used to specify conductance is called "mho," which
is ohm spelled backwards.
Symbol for "mho is the Greek letter omega inverted .
Symbol for conductance when used in a formula is G.
CAPACITANCE:
Capacitance is defined as the ability to store an electric
charge and is symbolized by the capital letter C.
Capacitance (C), measured in farads.
The amount of charge (Q) that can be stored in a device or
capacitor divided by the voltage (E) applied across the
device or capacitor plates when the charge was stored.

C =
CAPACITOR ELECTROLYTIC CAPACITOR VARIABLE CAPACITOR
CIRCUIT ELEMENTS
Active elements
It has ability to supply energy that
activate a circuit.
Eg. Generators and Batteries
Passive elements
if it absorbs energy
Eg. Resistors, Capacitors,Inductors.
Bilateral Element:
Conduction of current in both directions in an element (example:
Resistance; Inductance; Capacitance) with same magnitude is
termed as bilateral element.
Unilateral Element:
Conduction of current in one direction is termed as unilateral
(example: Diode, Transistor) element.
CLOSED CIRCUIT
OPEN CIRCUIT
SHORT CIRCUIT
When resistors are connected end-to-end so that the same
current flows through them all they are said to be cascaded or
connected in series . Such a circuit is shown in Fig. Note that, for
the sake of simplicity, an ideal source of emf has been used (no
internal resistance).
SERIES CIRCUIT
Series Circuit
Current is constant

Why?
Only one path for the
current to take
1 2 3
1 2 3
1 2 3
= + +
= = =
= + +
V V V V
I I I I
R R R R
= V I R
Series Equivalent Circuit
( )
1 1 2 2 3 3
1 2 3
1 2 3
1 2 3
1 2 3
= = =
= + +
= + +
= + +
= + +
=

V I R V I R V I R
R R R R
V V V V
V I R I R I R
V I R R R
V I R
When resistors are joined side-by-side so that their
corresponding ends are connected together they are said to be
connected in parallel . Using this form of connection means that
there will be a number of paths through which the current can fl
ow. Such a circuit consisting of three resistors is shown in Fig.
PARALLEL CIRCUIT
Parallel Circuit
Voltage is
constant

Why?
There are 3 closed
loops in the circuit
1 2 3
1 2 3 1 23
23 2 3
1 2 3
where
1 1 1 1
= = =
= + + = +
= +
= + +
V V V V
I I I I I I
I I I
R R R R
= V I R
When any two resistors are unequal in a
parallel circuit, it is easier to calculate RT by
multiplying the two resistances and then
dividing the product by the sum.
Linear Circuit:
Linear circuit is one whose
parameters do not change with
voltage or current.
Non-Linear Circuit:
Non-linear system is that whose
parameters change with voltage
or current.
VI characteristics
VI characteristics
SIMPLE RESISTIVE NETWORK

Node- A node in an electric circuit is a point where two
or more components are connected together. This
point is usually marked with dark circle or dot. The
circuit in fig. has nodes a, b, c, and g.

Branch- A branch is a conducting path between two nodes in a circuit
containing the electric elements. These elements could be sources,
resistances, or other elements. Fig. shows that the circuit has six
branches: three resistive branches (a-c, b-c, and b-g) and three branches
containing voltage and current sources (a-, a-, and c-g).
Loop- A loop is any closed path in an electric circuit i.e., a closed path or
loop in a circuit is a contiguous sequence of branches which starting and
end points for tracing the path are, in effect, the same node and touches
no other node more than once. Fig. shows three loops or closed paths
namely, a-b-g-a; b-c-g-b; and a-c-b-a. Further, it may be noted that the
outside closed paths a-c-g-a and a-b-c-g-a are also form two loops.

Mesh- A mesh is a special case of loop that does not have any other
loops within it or in its interior. Fig. indicates that the first three loops (a-
b-g-a; b-c-g-b; and a-c-b-a) just identified are also meshes but other
two loops (a-c-g-a and a-b-c-g- a)are not.
Independence voltage sources
Independent of the current thru the sources
Symbol for: (a) DC voltage source; (b)
battery; (c) ac voltage source.
Independence current sources
Independent of the voltage thru the sources
Symbol for an independent current
source.
Dependent sources
The four different types
of dependent sources:
(a) current-controlled
current source;
(b) voltage-controlled
current source;
(c) voltage-controlled
voltage source;
(d) current-controlled
voltage source.
Depends on either voltage or current thru
the sources
Ideal Voltage Sources: Series
Ideal voltage sources connected in series add
Ideal Voltage Sources: Parallel
Ideal voltage sources cannot be connected in parallel
Recall: ideal voltage sources guarantee the voltage between two
terminals is at the specified potential (voltage)
Immovable object meets unstoppable force
In practice, the stronger source would win
Could easily cause component failure (smoke)
Ideal sources do not exist
Technically allowed if V
1
= V
2
, but a bad idea
Ideal Current Sources: Series
Ideal current sources cannot be connected in series
Recall: ideal current sources guarantee the current flowing through
source is at specified value
Recall: the current entering a circuit element must equal the current
leaving a circuit element, I
in
= I
out
Could easily cause component failure (smoke)
Ideal sources do not exist
Technically allowed if if I
1
= I
2
, but a bad idea

Ideal Current Sources: Parallel
Ideal current sources in parallel add
OHMS LAW
In 1827, George Simon Ohm discovered that there was a definite
relationship between voltage, current, and resistance.
Ohms law states that the current I flowing in a circuit is directly
proportional to the applied voltage V and inversely proportional to
the resistance R, provided the temperature remains constant.
Prob:The current flowing through a resistor is 0.8 A when a p.d. of
20 V is applied. Determine the value of the resistance.
George Simon Ohm
German scientist
1787-1854
Ohms Law Triangle
V
I R
) A , amperes (
R
V
I =
) , ohms (
I
V
R O =
) V , volts ( R I V =
V
I R
V
I R
Ohms Law continued
Resistance
Direction of Voltage & Current on Resistors
+ -
Current will pass thru a resistance from higher voltage
to the lower one.
- +
or
PROBLEM
For the circuit shown in Fig. calculate (a) the circuit resistance, (b) the circuit current, (c)
the p.d.developed across each resistor, and (d) the power dissipated by the complete
circuit.
PROBLEM
Considering the circuit of Fig., calculated (a) the total resistance of the circuit, (b) the
three branch current, and (c) the current drawn from the battery.
PROBLEM
PROBLEM
Potential Divider
When resistors are connected in series the p.d. developed across
each resistor will be in direct proportion to its resistance value.
Applying the potential divider technique, the
two p.d.s may be obtained by using the fact that
the p.d. across a resistor is given by the ratio of
its resistance value to the total resistance of the
circuit.
This technique is not restricted to only two resistors
in series, but may be applied to any number. For
example, if there were three resistors in series, then
the p.d. across each may be found
Current Divider
When resistors are connected in parallel the total circuit current
divides between the alternative paths available.
I1=[24/12+24]*6=4A

I2=[12/12+24]*6=2A
=6A
The current divider theory is not limited to only two resistors in
parallel. Any number can be accommodated. However, with
three or more parallel resistors the current division method can
be used. it is much easier for mistakes to be made. For this
reason it is recommended that where more than two resistors
exist in parallel the p.d. method is used.
Kirchhoff s Current Law
States that algebraic sum of the currents at any junction of a
circuit is zero. Another, and perhaps simpler, way of stating this
is to say that the sum of the currents arriving at a junction is
equal to the sum of the currents leaving that junction.
where the symbol means the sum of .
Fig illustrates a junction within a circuit with a
number of currents arriving and leaving the
junction. Applying Kirchhoff s current law yields:
where + signs have been used to denote currents
arriving and _ signs for currents leaving the
junction.
Gustav Kirchhoff
1824-1887
German Physicist
Kirchhoffs Current Law
Current into junction = Current leaving junction
1 2
0
= + =
=
in out
in out
I I I I
I I
The amount of current that enters a junction
is equivalent to the amount of current that
leaves the junction
Iin=Iout
Iin I1
I2
I2
I1
Iout
Kirchhoffs Laws

Determine the current I for the circuit shown in the figure below.
I + 4-(-3)-2 = 0
I = -5A
This indicates that
the actual current for
I is flowing in the
opposite direction.
We can consider the whole
enclosed area as one node.
PROBLEM:
For the network shown in Fig. calculate the values of the marked currents.
Note: The minus sign in the last answer tells us that the current I5 is
actually flowing away from the junction rather than towards it as
shown.
Kirchhoff s Voltage Law
* The law states that in a closed circuit, the algebraic sum of all source voltages
must be equal to the algebraic sum of all the voltage drops.
*Sum of all voltage rises and voltage drops in a circuit (a closed loop) equals zero

1 2
...
=
= + +
in
in
V VoltageAcrossEachResistor
V V V
V
V1 V2
1 2
1 2
0
= +
=
V V V
V V V
Net Voltage for a circuit = 0
Gustav Kirchhoff
1824-1887
German Physicist
Kirchhoffs voltage Law

Applying the KVL equation for the circuit of the figure below.
v
a
-v
1
-v
b
-v
2
-v
3
= 0
V
1
= IR
1
v
2
= IR
2
v
3
=
IR
3

v
a
-v
b
= I(R
1
+ R
2
+ R
3
)
3 2 1
R R R
v v
I
b a
+ +

=

Circuit Theory

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