ENGINE OPERATING

CHARACTERSTICS
ENGINE PARAMETERS
For an engine with bore (B), crank offset (a), stroke
length(S), turning at an engine speed (N):
S = 2a
Average piston speed is:
Up = 2SN

N is generally given in RPM (revolutions per minute), Up
in m/sec and B, a, and S in m or cm.

Average piston speed for all engines will normally be in
the range of 5 to 15m/sec
Work
Work is the output of any engine and result of
force acting through a distance.
Force due to gas pressure on the moving piston
generates work in an IC Engine cycle.

PERFORMANCE PARAMETERS

Engine performance is an indication of the degree of
success of the engine performs its assigned task, i.e. the
conversion of the chemical energy contained in the fuel
into the useful mechanical work.

The basic performance parameters are the following :
(a) Power and Mechanical Efficiency.
(b) Mean Effective Pressure and Torque.
(c) Specific Output.
(d) Volumetric Efficiency.
(e) Fuel-air Ratio.
(f) Specific Fuel Consumption.
(g) Thermal Efficiency
Mean Effective Pressure
Mean effective pressure is defined as a
hypothetical/average pressure which is assumed to be
acting on the piston throughout the power stroke.
Therefore,


Pim = Indicated Mean effective pressure, N/m2
ip = Indicated power, Watt,
L = Length of the stroke, m,
A = Area of the piston, m2
N = Rotational speed of the engine, rpm (It is N/2 for four
stroke engine),
k = Number of cylinders.

Power
Power is defined as the rate of doing work and is equal to the product of
force and linear velocity or the product of torque and angular velocity.

The power developed by an engine and measured at the output shaft is
called the brake power (bp) and is given by
BP=2NT/60
where, T is torque in N-m and N is the rotational speed in
revolutions per minute.

The power developed in the cylinder is Indicated Power
IP=PimLANk /60
where, Pim = Mean effective pressure, N/m2
L = Length of the stroke, m,
A = Area of the piston, m2
N = Rotational speed of the engine, rpm (It is N/2 for four stroke
engine), and
k = Number of cylinders.

Fuel-air ratio (F/A)
Fuel-air ratio (F/A) is the ratio of the mass of fuel to the
mass of air in the fuel-air mixture.
Air-fuel ratio (A/F) is reciprocal of fuel-air ratio.

Specific Fuel Consumption
The fuel consumption characteristics of an engine
expressed in fuel consumption in kilograms of fuel per
kilowatt-hour.
Thermal Efficiency
Thermal efficiency of an engine is defined as the ratio of the
output to that of the chemical energy input in the form of fuel
supply

Mechanical Efficiency


Volumetric Efficiency