TNK092: Network Simulation/Ntverkssimulering

Network Simulation---ns2

Lecture 2
n3
n2
n0
n1
An Example with all weve seen so far.
2

#Open the NAMtrace file
set nf [open out.nam w]
$ns namtrace-all $nf

#Open the Trace file
set tf [open out.tr w]
$ns trace-all $tf

#Create links between the nodes
$ns duplex-link $n0 $n2 2Mb 10ms DropTail
$ns duplex-link $n1 $n2 2Mb 10ms DropTail
$ns duplex-link $n2 $n3 1.7Mb 20ms DropTail

#Give links position (for NAM)
$ns duplex-link-op $n0 $n2 orient right-down
$ns duplex-link-op $n1 $n2 orient right-up
$ns duplex-link-op $n2 $n3 orient right


set ns [new Simulator]
#Define different colors
#for data flows (for NAM)
$ns color 1 Blue
$ns color 2 Red

#Define a 'finish' procedure
proc finish {} {
global ns nf tf
$ns flush-trace
#Close the NAM trace file
close $nf
#Close the Trace file
close $tf
#Execute NAM on the trace file
exec nam out.nam &
exit 0
}
#Create four nodes
set n0 [$ns node]
set n1 [$ns node]
set n2 [$ns node]
set n3 [$ns node]


#Set Queue Size of link (n2-n3) to 10
$ns queue-limit $n2 $n3 10

#Monitor the queue for link (n2-n3). (for NAM)
$ns duplex-link-op $n2 $n3 queuePos 0.5

n3 n2
n0
n1
An Example with all weve seen so far..
3

#Open the NAMtrace file
set nf [open out.nam w]
$ns namtrace-all $nf

#Open the Trace file
set tf [open out.tr w]
$ns trace-all $tf

#Create links between the nodes
$ns duplex-link $n0 $n2 2Mb 10ms DropTail
$ns duplex-link $n1 $n2 2Mb 10ms DropTail
$ns duplex-link $n2 $n3 1.7Mb 20ms DropTail

#Give links position (for NAM)
$ns duplex-link-op $n0 $n2 orient right-down
$ns duplex-link-op $n1 $n2 orient right-up
$ns duplex-link-op $n2 $n3 orient right


set ns [new Simulator]
#Define different colors
#for data flows (for NAM)
$ns color 1 Blue
$ns color 2 Red

#Define a 'finish' procedure
proc finish {} {
global ns nf tf
$ns flush-trace
#Close the NAM trace file
close $nf
#Close the Trace file
close $tf
#Execute NAM on the trace file
exec nam out.nam &
exit 0
}
#Create four nodes
set n0 [$ns node]
set n1 [$ns node]
set n2 [$ns node]
set n3 [$ns node]


#Set Queue Size of link (n2-n3) to 10
$ns queue-limit $n2 $n3 10

#Monitor the queue for link (n2-n3). (for NAM)
$ns duplex-link-op $n2 $n3 queuePos 0.5

#Setup a TCP connection
set tcp [new Agent/TCP]
$ns attach-agent $n0 $tcp
set sink [new Agent/TCPSink]
$ns attach-agent $n3 $sink
$ns connect $tcp $sink
$tcp set fid_ 1



#Setup an FTP over TCP connection
set ftp [new Application/FTP]
$ftp attach-agent $tcp
$ftp set type_ FTP

#Setup a UDP connection
set udp [new Agent/UDP]
$ns attach-agent $n1 $udp
set null [new Agent/Null]
$ns attach-agent $n3 $null
$ns connect $udp $null
$udp set fid_ 2
n3 n2
n0
n1
ftp
cbr
upd null
tcp
sink
#Setup a CBR over UDP connection
set cbr [new Application/Traffic/CBR]
$cbr attach-agent $udp
$cbr set type_ CBR
$cbr set packet_size_ 1000
$cbr set rate_ 1mb
$cbr set random_ false


#Schedule events for the CBR and FTP agents
$ns at 0.1 "$cbr start"
$ns at 1.0 "$ftp start"
$ns at 4.0 "$ftp stop"
$ns at 4.5 "$cbr stop"

#Detach tcp and sink agents (not so necessary)
$ns at 4.5 "$ns detach-agent $n0 $tcp ;
in the SAME line $ns detach-agent $n3 $sink"

#Call the finish procedure after 5
#seconds of simulation time
$ns at 5.0 "finish

#Print CBR packet size and interval
puts "CBR packet size = [$cbr set packet_size_]"
puts "CBR interval = [$cbr set interval_]"

#Run the simulation
$ns run
0 0.1 1.0 4.0 4.5 sec
ftp
cbr
4
To create agents or traffic sources, a user should know the class names
these objects (Agent/TCP, Agnet/TCPSink, Application/FTP and so on).

Remember to look at look at the /tcl/libs/ns-default.tcl file.

This file contains the default configurable parameter value settings for
available network objects.

Hint: a good indicator of what kind of network objects are available in NS
and what are their configurable parameters.
An Example with all weve seen so far... epimyth
n3 n2
n0
n1
ftp
cbr
upd null
tcp
sink
0 0.1 1.0 4.0 4.5 sec
ftp
cbr
Tracing
5
Besides the NAM trace ns2 can provide an ASCII trace file.

At every link a packet is

Trace Enabled Simple NS Simulation Script
6
About Awk
AWK is a tool that allows simple data manipulation on trace files.

Sample AWK code:

BEGIN {sum+=$2; array[N]=$2} END
{ for(i=1;i<=N;i++) {
sumsq+=((array[i]-(sum/N))^2);
}
print sqrt(sumsq/N)
}
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________


To run use:
awk -f Average.awk out.tr
7
End to end delay (measure-delay.awk)
BEGIN {
#initial the highest packet id
highest_packet_id = 0;
}
{
event = $1;
time = $2;
from = $3;
to = $4;
type = $5;
pktsize = $6;
flow_id = $8;
src = $9;
dst = $10;
seq_no = $11;
packet_id = $12;

if ( packet_id > highest_packet_id )
highest_packet_id = packet_id;

if ( start_time[packet_id] == 0 )
start_time[packet_id] = time;

if ( flow_id == 2 && action != "d" ) {
if ( event == "r" ) {
end_time[packet_id] = time;
}
} else {
end_time[packet_id] = -1;
}
}

8
awk -f measure-delay.awk out.tr > cbr-delay
END {
for (packet_id=0; packet_id<=highest_packet_id; packet_id++ ) {
start = start_time[packet_id];
end = end_time[packet_id];
packet_duration = end - start;

if ( start < end ) printf("%f %f\n", start, packet_duration);
}
}
Remember . . .
Plotting with gnuplot
Gnuplot(http://www.gnuplot.info/;http://www.gnuplot.info/documentation.html)
#plotdelay.plot
set term png medium #000000
set output "cbr-delay.png"
set ylabel "End-to-End delay(sec)"
set xlabel "Start transmission time(sec)"
set xrang [0:5]
set xtics 0, 0.5, 5
set yrang [0:0.1]
set ytics 0, 0.01, 0.1
set title "CBR end-to-end delay"
plot "cbr-delay" title "CBR" with linespoints lt -1 pt 8


gnuplot>load plotdelay.plot
9
xgraph
10
xgraph cbr-delay
Jitter (awk codes)
#cbr-jitter.awk
BEGIN {
old_time=0;
old_seq_no=0;
i=0;
}
{
action = $1;
time = $2;
node_1 = $3;
node_2 = $4;
type = $5;
flow_id = $8;
node_1_address = $9;
node_2_address = $10;
seq_no = $11;
packet_id = $12;

if(node_1==2 && node_2==3 && type=="cbr" &&
action=="r")
{
dif=seq_no-old_seq_no;
if(dif==0)
dif=1;
jitter[i]=(time-old_time)/dif;
seq[i]=seq_no;
i=i+1;
old_seq_no=seq_no;
old_time=time;
}
}
11
11
awk f cbr-jitter.awk out.tr > cbr-jitter
END {
for (j=1; j <i ;j++)
printf("%d\t%f\n",seq[j],jitter[j]);
}

Jitter (...more awk codes)
#cbr-jitter2.awk
BEGIN {
highest_packet_id = 0;
}{
action = $1;
time = $2;
node_1 = $3;
node_2 = $4;
type = $5;
flow_id = $8;
node_1_address = $9;
node_2_address = $10;
seq_no = $11;
packet_id = $12;
if ( packet_id > highest_packet_id )
{
highest_packet_id = packet_id;
}
if ( start_time[packet_id] == 0 ) {
pkt_seqno[packet_id] = seq_no;
start_time[packet_id] = time;
}
if ( flow_id == 2 && action != "d" )
{
if ( action == "r" ) {
end_time[packet_id] = time;
}
} else {
end_time[packet_id] = -1;
}
}
12

END {
last_seqno = 0;
last_delay = 0;
seqno_diff = 0;
for ( packet_id = 0;
packet_id <= highest_packet_id; packet_id++ ) {
start = start_time[packet_id];
end =end_time[packet_id];
packet_duration = end - start;
if ( start < end ) {
seqno_diff = pkt_seqno[packet_id]- last_seqno;
delay_diff = packet_duration - last_delay;
if (seqno_diff == 0) {
jitter =0;
} else {
jitter = delay_diff/seqno_diff;
}
printf("%f %f\n", start, jitter);
last_seqno = pkt_seqno[packet_id];
last_delay = packet_duration;
}
}
}

$awk f cbr-jitter2.awk out.tr > cbr-jitter





Packet loss (awk codes)
# cbr-loss.awk
BEGIN {
fsDrops = 0;
numFs = 0;
}
{
action = $1;
time = $2;
node_1 = $3;
node_2 = $4;
src = $5;
flow_id = $8;
node_1_address = $9;
node_2_address = $10;
seq_no = $11;
packet_id = $12;
if (node_1==1 && node_2==2 && action == "+")
numFs++;
if (flow_id==2 && action == "d")
fsDrops++;
}
END {
printf("number of packets sent:%d lost:%d\n", numFs,
fsDrops);
}
13
Throughput (awk codes)
BEGIN {
init=0;
i=0;
}
{
action = $1;
time = $2;
from = $3;
to = $4;
type = $5;
pktsize = $6;
flow_id = $8;
src = $9;
dst = $10;
seq_no = $11;
packet_id = $12;
14
if(action=="r" && from==2 && to==3 && flow_id==2) {
pkt_byte_sum[i+1]=pkt_byte_sum[i]+ pktsize;
if(init==0) {
start_time = time;
init = 1;
}
end_time[i] = time;
i = i+1;
}
}
END
{ printf("%.2f\t%.2f\n", end_time[0], 0);
for(j=1 ; j<i ; j++){
th = pkt_byte_sum[j] / (end_time[j] -
start_time)*8/1000;
printf("%.2f\t%.2f\n", end_time[j], th);
}
printf("%.2f\t%.2f\n", end_time[i-1], 0);
}
Packet loss (awk codes)
BEGIN {
fsDrops = 0;
numFs = 0;
}
{
action = $1;
time = $2;
from = $3;
to = $4;
type = $5;
pktsize = $6;
flow_id = $8;
src = $9;
dst = $10;
seq_no = $11;
packet_id = $12;
if (from==1 && to==2 && action == "+")
numFs++;

if (flow_id==2 && action == "d")
fsDrops++;
}
END {
printf("number of packets sent:%d lost:%d\n",
numFs, fsDrops);
}
15
Some basic ns2 structuring
In /ns-2.34/tcl/lib:
ns-lib.tcl:
The actial simulator class, most of its member function definitions are
here
ns-default.tcl:
default values for configurable parameters for various network
components, configure the parameter in otcl which actually take effect
through C++
ns-packet.tcl:
Packet header initialization & implementation, where you register your
own packet type
16
Adding your own modules...
You will develop NS2 modules in one the following file types:






What you would like to do is to incorporate these files into
NS2
how?
17
File type Example
C++ code myNewMod.cc
Header definitions myNewMod.h
Tcl code myNewMod.tcl
Working assumption...
Assume that we wanted to build a multimedia application that
runs over a UDP connection.
Lets say that this application implements a "five rate media
scaling" which can respond to network congestion to some
extent by changing encoding and transmission policy pairs
associated with scale parameter values
18
STEP 1: Register the new application header, by modifying the files:
/common/packet.h and /tcl/lib/ns-packet.tcl

1. In packet.h
A. Look for:
// insert new packet types here
Static packet_t PT_NTYPE = 62; // This MUST be the LAST one
And insert new packet types between those 2 lines, eg:
static const packet_t PT_Multimedia = 70;
B. Look for:
class p_info {
In public:
In static void initName() in the long list of name_ add:
name_[PT_Multimedia] = "Multimedia";

2. In ns-packet.tcl
- Look for:
foreach prot {
And in the list of protocols add: Multimedia
19
Adding modules Step by step...
STEP 2: Add new methods to the Agent and Application classes, by modifying the
files: /common/agent.h and /apps/app.h

1. In agent.h
-look for:
class Agent : public Connector {
public:
Agent(packet_t pktType);
And insert new agent methods as e.g.:
virtual int supportMM() {return 0;}
virtual void enableMM() {}
2. In app.h
-look for:
class Application : public Process {
public:
Application();
And in that list also insert your application methods defintions as e.g.:
virtual void recv_msg(int nbytes, const char *msg = 0){}

20
Adding modules Step by step...
STEP 3: Set defaults for the new configurable parameters,
in /tcl/lib/ns-default.tcl add
......
Application/MmApp set rate0_ 0.3mb
Application/MmApp set rate1_ 0.6mb
Application/MmApp set rate2_ 0.9mb
Application/MmApp set rate3_ 1.2mb
Application/MmApp set rate4_ 1.5mb
Application/MmApp set pktsize_ 1000
Application/MmApp set random_ false
......
21
Adding modules Step by step...
STEP 4: Modify the Makefile
Assuming that you have all three .h, .cc and .tcl file types you must make the following
modifications (if not, reduce steps accordingly).

Note: the Makefile lies in the /ns-2.23 directory

Lets assume your files are in /ns-2.34/myWork

You will have to modify three places in the Makefile
1. OBJ_CC
2. NS_TCL_LIB
3. INCLUDE
As follows:

1. Look for
OBJ_CC = \
And add:
myDir/myNewMod.o \
To one line below
22
Adding modules Step by step...
File type Example
C++ code myNewMod.cc
Header definitions myNewMod.h
Tcl code myNewMod.tcl
2. Look for
NS_TCL_LIB = \
And add:
myDir/myfile.tcl \
To one line below




3. (OPTIONAL) Look for
INCLUDES = \
And add:
-I. /myWorks \
To one line below

23
Adding modules Step by step...
File type Example
C++ code myNewMod.cc
Header definitions myNewMod.h
Tcl code myNewMod.tcl
STEP 6:
Recompile the software
./make














Note: These will be key instruction steps for Lab Assignment 2
24
Adding modules Step by step...