Cavity BPM

A. Liapine, UCL
nanoBPM Meeting, KEK, March 2005 2
A Black Box View
BPM signal is a mixture of decaying
harmonic signals with different
amplitudes and decay times.
Some of the amplitudes depend mostly
on the bunch charge, some have a
strong offset dependence
z
Beam
out
nanoBPM Meeting, KEK, March 2005 3
Excursion Into Waveguides (1)
electric field is shown with red lines,
magnetic with blue ones
wave is Transverse Electric - the electric
field has no longitudinal component (in
some literature it is marked as H-wave)
the direction of the propagation is given
by E x H
nodes and antinodes of transversal
components of E and H coincide in case
of vacuum filling

The electromagnetic field is known to
propagate through a waveguide as a
wave (or a mixture of a few waves)
with a fixed configuration. This
configuration depends on the
frequency of oscillations, waveguide
type and excitation type.
nanoBPM Meeting, KEK, March 2005 4
Excursion Into Waveguides (2)
indexes show the numbers of
antinodes of the field for both axes
- x, y for a rectangular, , r for a
circular waveguide
the number of antinodes for the
direction is a doubled index (the
field must be continuous among )
magnetic coupling uses a loop acting to the magnetic field. The coupling strength
depends on the magnetic flux through the loop i.e. inductivity of the loop
electric coupling uses an antenna , the coupling depends on its capacitance
electromagnetic coupling is a sum of two electric and magnetic, they may
sometimes even cancel each other
nanoBPM Meeting, KEK, March 2005 5
Circular Waveguide
We solve the wave equation
in the cylindrical coordinate system
Look for the solutions in a form
integrating by parts. Solutions are:
The boundary condition gives the critical k:
Transversal components
follow from the Maxwells
equations
nanoBPM Meeting, KEK, March 2005 6
Cylindrical Cavity Resonator
A cylindrical cavity is a piece of a circular waveguide cut
transversally with conductive planes at z=0 and z=L.
At these planes the sum of the transversal components
of the electric field has to be 0:
This boundary condition
says us that
In that way we get the equations describing all the
standing waves possible in the cavity
called eigenmodes and
coinciding frequencies called
eigenfrequencies
nanoBPM Meeting, KEK, March 2005 7
Dipole Mode
A bunch propagating through the cavity interacts
with its eigenmodes exciting electromagnetic
oscillations in the cavity.
The excitation of the modes, which have a node at
r=0, is very sensitive to the beam offset, what is
used for the beam position detection.
The first dipole mode TM
110
is used because it is the
strongest one among the others.
The phase of the excited field depends on the
direction of the offset.
nanoBPM Meeting, KEK, March 2005 8
Useful Definitions
L R C
n
Z
It is convenient to represent a
cavity as an RLC circuit, usually
loaded to external load by means
of an ideal transformator.
The impedance R is called the
shunt impedance.
The voltage in the cavity is
calculated among a certain path,
beam trajectory in our case.
The internal quality factor is
introduced to indicate the decay
of the oscillations due to the
losses in the cavity walls.
The external quality factor
indicates the decay due to the
power coupled out of the cavity.
nanoBPM Meeting, KEK, March 2005 9
Single Bunch Excitation (1)
The excitation is proportional to the
voltage seen by the bunch
The energy given by the bunch to the
mode n is
The voltage excited in the cavity is two
times higher
We use the definition of the normalized
shunt impedance
and get the excited voltage and stored
energy as
Using the definition of the external Q we
get the output power
With we get the output voltage
nanoBPM Meeting, KEK, March 2005 10
Single Bunch Excitation (2)
The dipole mode electric field in the cavity
Extension to the beam pipe region
Fit both fields in order to get constants at r=a
Using an integral we get
And the field in the beampipe is
We need the voltage, so integrating
and using * again we get
The voltage is linear vs. offset!
nanoBPM Meeting, KEK, March 2005 11
Excitation Summary
The bunch excites the eigenmodes of the cavity
passing through it
The dipole mode excitation has a significant
dependence on the beam offset, the phase depends on
the offset direction
The excited signal decays exponentially, depending on
how much power is lost in the walls and coupled out
The excitation is almost linear in the beam pipe range
nanoBPM Meeting, KEK, March 2005 12
Multibunch Excitation
Exponential decay of the energy stored in
the cavity is given by
Were the loaded Q value is used. It takes
into account walls losses and output power
If the mode frequency is a harmonic of the
bunch repetition rate, an infinite bunch
train produces a voltage
t
t
V
V
The sum of this series is
The error can be calculated as
A fixed error gives a high limit for the
loaded Q value
nanoBPM Meeting, KEK, March 2005 13
Beam Incline Impact
Incline component of the dipole mode is
excited if the beam trajectory is inclined
with respect to the z axis of the cavity.
We compare the excitation calculating the
voltages for the both cases.
Approximating the Bessel function we get
The ratio of the voltages does not
depend on the bunch charge
Equivalent offset for a 5.5 GHz cavity
(x = 0.5 mrad)
nanoBPM Meeting, KEK, March 2005 14
Monopole Modes Impact
Monopole modes have the
highest excitation among all
other modes. The difference to
the dipole mode excitation
maybe 100 dB and more. The
first two monopole modes
surround the dipole mode
resonance.
Due to the finite Q values these modes
have components at the dipole mode
frequency. These components can not
be filtered out and need a mode
selective solution. A mode selective
coupling realizing the difference in the
field structure of dipole and monopole
modes is used in all the latest designs.
nanoBPM Meeting, KEK, March 2005 15
Polarization and Cross-Talk



The excited dipole mode field can be repre-
sented as a combination of two polarizations.
Need to align the polarizations to x, y
and separate them in frequency.
nanoBPM Meeting, KEK, March 2005 16
Thermal Noise
The spectral noise power density integrated over the bandwidth of the narrowest filter
in the electronics gives us the level of the noise component:
Following the path of the signal in the electronics and taking into account the losses
and the internal noise of the electronics we can estimate the resolution limit:
The final estimation has to take into account also the discretization noise.
nanoBPM Meeting, KEK, March 2005 17
Impacts Summary
The energy stored in the cavity decays exponentially. If
the decay is not fast enough, the previous bunch signal
contributes to the next bunch signal.
An inclined beam excites the dipole mode even if it
passes through the centre. The phase difference between
position and incline components is 90
0
.
Monopole modes are strongly excited and therefore
generate large backgrounds.
Asymmetries cause a coupling between x and y signals.
nanoBPM Meeting, KEK, March 2005 18
Analog Signal Processing
The readings are waveforms in GHz range, so we need a
downconversion electronics. Basically, two methods are
available:
homodyne receiver
heterodyne receiver.
An accurate direct conversion is not possible because of
the high frequency.
nanoBPM Meeting, KEK, March 2005 19
Homodyne Receiver
The signal is downconverted to the direct
current in one stage. Just a few components
are needed, the losses are low.
HR is very sensitive to the isolations
between LO and RF ports of the mixer.
I/Q mixer is usually used.
nanoBPM Meeting, KEK, March 2005 20
Heterodyne Receiver
Downconversion is realized in several stages. That gives a better possibility for the
filtering and amplification of the signal. The mirror frequency issue does not seem to
be really dangerous in our case.
nanoBPM Meeting, KEK, March 2005 21
Im afraid thats all I can say
Check also
http://www.hep.ucl.ac.uk/~liapine/