Septic tanks

In rural area and constructed below ground level

near/within house
3*5*5 in area and 750 gallon of sewage water-----filtered in
it
Domestic sewage retained in tank long enough-------for
decomposition and sedimentation
Due to activity of anaerobic bacteria-----------organic matter
hydrolyzed and fermented
Trickling filters
City sewage carried to soil compartment-----------undergo
physiochemical changes with soil
Trickle down the soil to the depth 2meter----------separate
the suspending particles and organic matter from sewage
Then decomposed by purifying bacteria
Filtered water-----------drained out to natural reservoirs
Most simple and cheap system of water purification

Soil pollution
Causes, effects, control
Soil is superficial covering that overlies the bedrock
of most of the land area the earth
Earth is an aggregation of unconsolidated mineral
and organic particles produced by physical,
chemical and biological processes-----and the
medium that supports the growth of most plants
Soil degradation-----decline in the quality and
quantity of soil-----------due to
Erosion
Salinization
Contamination
Drainage
Acidification
laterization and
loss of soil structure

Accelerated erosion---------------due to loss of soil by water,
wind and mass movements---------action of vehicles and
trampling feet of human and animals
Loss of upper horizons containing OM and nutrient and thinning
of soil profile------reduces crop yield on degraded soils
Salinization-------concentration of abnormally high levels of
salt (Na+) in soil sue to evaporation----------------in association
with the irrigation---------plant death and loss of soil structure
Contamination---------farmyard waste and sewage sludge
(heavy metals), radioactive isotopes from nuclear weapons
testing (chernobyl accident) and industrial processes wastes
Acidic soils------------due to acid rain also loss OM
Loss of soil structure-----------compaction by agri. Mechinery,
cultivation in wet weather or dispersion of soil particles in
subsoil
Causes of soil pollution
1. Wide range of agrochemicals
a. Fertilizer
b. Pesticides
c. Insecticides
d. Fungicides
e. Herbicides
f. Rodenticides
g. Acarcides
2. Other chemicals
a. Soluble salts (from saline water resources, waste disposal,
mining and road salt for deicing)
b. Acid (from spills, chemical production, waste disposal)
c. Alkalis (from spills, chemical production, cement kiln dust,
improper disposals)
d. Radionuclides (from mine tailings, nuclear bomb
testing/production, accidental emmission)
Effects of agrochemicals on soil quality
Fertilizer
Formation of acidic soil-----------due to indiscriminate use
of fertilizers
Nitrogen
Legume-based rotation-----------Rhizobium
N-fertilizer was applied in winter season
Urea and ammonium sulphate----------produce acids
Magnitude of leaching of anion and basic cations present in fertilizer
Phosphorus
SSP & AP
Renewed interst-----------slow release of phosphate---------
phosphate rock (PR)
SSP---------increase acidification of soil
PR-----------decrease soil acidification
Environmental effect of soil acidification
1. Acidic soil can produce elevated levels of
soluble Al, Mn------------which are highly toxic
to plant/crops
2. Acidic soil can impact on soil microflora--------
-------intrun effect the carbon dynamics of soil
environment
Effect of soil degradation
Soil degradation is not alone------but have number
of off-sites implication;
1. Soil erosion
Increase flooding, siltation of rivers, lakes, reservoir and
deposition of material in low laying areas
2. Salinization and sodification
Poor quality irrigation
3. Soil acidification
Al contamination of surface water
4. Migration of agrochemicals
5. Adverse effect on human/animal
Ingestion by children
Consumption by crops growing on such soils
Control of soil pollution
1. Organic farming
Which largely excludes the use of synthetically compounded fertilizer, growth
regulators and livestock feed additives.
Rely on crop rotation, crop residue, animal manures, legumes, green manure,
off-farm organic wastes, mechanical cultivation, mineral-bearing rocks and
biological control of pest----------------for soil productivity and tilth, plant
nurtient supply, and control of insect, pest and weeds
2. Biological farming
Use of biological instruments to monitor plant and soil condition
Refractometer-------suger contents
EC meter------energy released per gram of soil
On basis of gathered data--------foliar spray and soluble nutrients are applied
accordingly
3. Nature farming
Parallels the organic farming but --------------special emphasis on soil health
through compost rather than organic fertilizer
4. Regenerative agriculture
Nature own inherent capacity to cope with pest, enhance soil fertility and
increase productivity
Re-create the resources that an ecosystem requires
Low input and organic farming as farm work to achieve these goals
5. Permaculture (Permanent agriculture)
Concerned with designing ecological human habitats and food
production system
Particular rule and principle for designing these systems
6. Alternative agriculture
To substitute monoculture and continuous--------crop rotation and
diversified agriculture
To use genetically more uniform plant
To use inorganic fertilizers (difficult-to-use organic manure) in
combination with green manure
To use herbicides and pesticides rather than more complex biological
control mechanisms
To make bigger fields by removing all vegetation between them
7. Ecological agriculture
A sustainable agriculture backed-up by green technologies in an
integrated farming system
Environmental degradation, diminishing natural resources and food
need of increasing population
Gradual shift from chemical to ecological farming system
Enough beneficial organisms-------------to check pest etc
Sustainable and profitable approach



8. Integrated Intensive Farming System (IIFS)
Intensive use of farm resources
Intensive use of techniques, knowledge-intensive rather than
capital-intensive
Replaced market-purchased chemical input with farm-grown
biological inputs
9. Low External Input Supply Agriculture (LEISA)
Production activity that use synethetic fertilizer or pesticides
below rates commonly recommended by extension services
Does not mean elimination of these chemicals
Yield are maintained by greater emphasis on cultural practices,
IPM and utilization of on-farm resources and management
10. Remediation of chemically degraded soils
Soil contamination determined by risk assessment, by policy
and by best available technology

Marine pollution
Noise pollution is caused when noise which is an
unpleasant sound affects our ears and leads to
psychological problems like stress, hypertension, hearing
impairment, etc. It is caused by machines in industries,
loud music, etc.
Radioactive pollution is highly dangerous when it occurs.
It can occur due to nuclear plant malfunctions, improper
nuclear waste disposal, accidents, etc. It causes cancer,
infertility, blindness, defects at the time of birth; can
sterilize soil and affect air and water.
Thermal/heat pollution is due to the excess heat in the
environment creating unwanted changes over long time
periods; due to huge number of industrial plants,
deforestation and air pollution. It increases the earths
temperature, causing drastic climatic changes and
extinction of wildlife.