REPORT

OF THE

DEFENSE SCIENCE BOARD

TASK FORCE ON
DOD ENERGY STRATEGY

Mr. Chris DiPetto

Task Force Co-Executive Secretary

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 Key Task Force Membership

• Study Co-Chairmen
– Dr James Schlesinger
– Gen Michael Carns, USAF Ret

• Policy Panel Chairman • Facilities Panel Chairman

– Mr James Woolsey, BAH – VADM Al Konetzni, USN

• Platform Panel Co-Chairs • R&D Panel Co-Chairs

– ADM Greg Johnson, USN – Dr Ed Reedy, GTRI
– GEN Greg Martin, USAF – Dr Jeff Tester, MIT

• Executive Secretaries
– Mr Chris DiPetto ODUSD (A&T)
– Mr Jack Taylor ODUSD (S&T)

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 2008 DSB Energy Task Force
• Identify opportunities to reduce fuel demand
by deployed forces and assess cost,
operational and force structure effects

• Identify opportunities to deploy renewable

and alternative energy sources for facilities
and deployed forces

• Identify institutional barriers to achieving this

transition

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 DSB Energy Strategy Task Force

• Desired DoD Strategic Outcomes

– Assured power for critical DOD capabilities
– Produce more warfighting performance for less energy

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 DoD Energy Observations
• Electricity (Facilities)
– Largest US user of electricity (~ $2B price tag….*)
– DoD draws power from a fragile and vulnerable grid
– Drives all critical C4ISR and > 500 CONUS installations
• Petroleum (Tactical Systems)
– CONUS sources of DoD fuel for readiness, training & deployment
– Overseas sources sustain deployed DoD operations
– DoD uses ~1.8% of US total…no near-term alternative ~$10B *
• Mobility (ships, planes, vehicles) consume 74% of DoD’s energy use
• Jet fuels: DoD is 17% of the US market; transports consume 53% of it
• Electricity (Tactical Systems)
– FOB electricity produced by gen-sets using JP8, creating fuel burden
– Soldier systems require troops to haul batteries, impeding
effectiveness

5 * FY06 DoD Energy Report to Congress 2008 DSB Task Force on DoD Energy Strategy
 Problem with Electricity - Resilience
• DoD installations rely almost exclusively on outside-the-
fence commercial power
– Must ensure key functions are performed during extended power
loss
– Temporary backup power is available for some critical mission
activities

• The grid is remarkably fragile and an attractive target…

– Control systems are continuously probed
– Single point failures

Resilience: ability to resist failure and rapidly recover from

breakdowns if they occur

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 Remedies for Facilities Electricity

• Demand Side Management

– Aggressive efficiency improvements
• Procurement policies
• MILCON / O&M energy standards
• Supply Side Options
– On- or Near-Site Generation
• Islanding and Distributed Generation
• Potential Sources
– Renewables (e.g, wind, solar geothermal)
– Conventional (natural gas, nuclear, coal)
– Grid Reliability Improvements
• Outside DoD direct control
• Requires FERC, PUC, Industry concurrence

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 Problem with Petroleum - Endurance
• Energy logistics is a significant operational and financial burden
– 70% of warfighting logistics by weight is fuel
– Protecting fuel convoys is dangerous business
• Diverts combat forces to force protection role
• Creates operational vulnerabilities and constrains force movement
• Big payoffs for reduced fuel demand
– Reductions in combat use compounds through logistics structure
– Enables force allocation from “tail” to “tooth”
– Lower consumption damps budget effects of price volatility
– Reduces vulnerability of combat forces to supply chain disruption

Endurance: ability to sustain operations for an extended time

without support or replenishment

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 Relevant Processes

Service & Joint • Get delivered fuel (logistics) and its related variables built into every
Force Planning Service & Joint campaign model, wargame, force planning conference
and scenario build
• Set targets for reducing the fuel delivery “tail” within the SSSP/ISPs

• Mandate descriptions of how materiel solutions’ fuel

demand impacts operation capability in an agreed set of
DPS’ – to frame the efficiency/effectiveness trades JCIDS
• Develop a scalable methodology for the Energy KPP for
all Requirements (CJCSI 3170)

• Evolve beyond single “program” reviews – consider

Acquisition programs’/platfoms’ fuel demand within scenario-based future
force packages
• Require SAEs-PEOs-PMs to speak on portfolio of capabilities
and the program’s role & support demands at milestone reviews

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 Five Recommendations

1. Implement Energy KPP (requirements) and Fully

Burdened Cost of Fuel (acquisition)
2. Reduce risk of losing critical missions at installations
by developing resilience as installation design criteria
3. Establish DoD-wide strategic plan with metrics,
responsibility and accountability
4. Invest in new energy technologies to a level
commensurate to their value to the Department
5. Change operational procedures to reduce energy
demand – policies and incentives

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 Backup Slides

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 Risk for Grid Outages
1. Overload
• Far less margin
• 2003 cascading power failure
2. Natural Disasters
3. Deliberate Attack – easy target
• Not designed to withstand a coordinated attack
• Little stockpiling of critical backup hardware
• Cyber – attempted SCADA attacks
4. Fuel Supply interruptions
Grid is brittle, centralized, capacity-strained, and largely
unprotected from physical attack.

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 Problem with Electricity – Resilience
Continued
• Mission critical loads dependent on grid and backup gen-sets
• Command & Control, Communications & Computers (C4)

• “Situational Awareness” Intelligence, Surveillance &

Reconnaissance (ISR) systems and capabilities

• Military strategic offense and defense capabilities… strategic

detection and assessment, decision making and assured
connectivity to offense and defense strategic weapons systems
• Grid built for efficiency, not resilience; reserve capacity greatly
reduced since de-regulation
• Duration and reliability of gen-set inconsistent with risk of long
duration grid outage and criticality of loads

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 Remedies for Facilities Electricity

• Demand Side Management

– Aggressive efficiency improvements
• Technically feasible
• Economically preferable over facility life cycle
• Enabler for renewable sources to meet backup and primary power
requirements
– Significant DoD energy cost savings and risk reduction can be
realized by adding risk of disruption metric to existing energy
consumption targets in DoD facility contract specifications
• Over FY08 - FY13, DoD planning to spend ~$60B for new construction
and ~$44B for maintenance & renovation
• Construction criteria and maintenance practices key drivers in future
energy demand

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 Problems with Petroleum - Endurance
(Tactical systems)
• Aircraft fuel use (67% of total)
– 60% of airlift and tanker aircraft use designs over a half century old
– Vertical lift fleet uses design configuration between a third and half century old
– Technologies exist and are available now to improve large aircraft flight efficiency by a
factor of 2 and vertical lift efficiencies manyfold
– Efficiency enhances range, endurance, payload and reduces logistics
– In the air refueling case, “fully burdened” cost of fuel is several-fold the purchase cost

• Land Forces Fuel Use

– Weight is the primary driver of fuel consumption…up to 75% of the energy
– Even in some land system cases, “fully burdened” cost of fuel is at least several-fold
greater than purchase cost (can be an order of magnitude greater in extreme cases)
– Fuel efficiency at point of use converts lots of soldiers from logistics and supply
protection into combat forces … FCS warning light is blinking…

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 Problems with Petroleum - Endurance
(Soldiers and FOBs)
• Generators & Batteries
– Land forces are also large consumers of electricity, primarily
portable
– Generators are ubiquitous in combat areas, consume large
amounts of fuel, and require substantial resources
– Batteries are critical to the soldier, and ~15-20% of total weight
of the trooper’s pack
– Technology thrust needed to reduce weight, size and numbers
of generators and batteries
– Technologies and logistics behavior are available now to
substantially improve FOB fuel use for hotel load and land
vehicles

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 Military Fuel Consumption Trends
120 Technological advances, especially in C4ISR, future
directed energy weapons, and unmanned vehicles,
are driving fuel consumption almost exponentially.
Korean War
Fuel Consumption per Soldier [gal/soldier/day]

100

Desert
Storm
80
1944
1.8 million gallons Iraq War
1,075,681 soldiers Worst Case
Vietnam War Future Wars
60

Region of
Projected Fuel
40 Consumption

WW I
20
2004 Best Case
Civil 4.1 million gallons
War 150,000 soldiers
0
1860 1880 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 2020 2040 2060
Year

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 DoD Energy Consumption
- FY06 Compared to FY05 -

FY05 Consumption FY06 Consumption

Mobility 74% Mobility 73%
(aircraft, ships, Buildings (aircraft, ships, Buildings
vehicles) 22% vehicles) 25%

Exempt Industrial
1% 3% Excluded
1.5%
Marine Marine
Diesel Diesel
13% 12% Electricity
Jet Fuel Electricity
12%
58% 11%
Fuel Fuel
Oil Jet Fuel Oil
52% 3%
3%
Natural Natural
Gas 8% Gas 8%
Coal Coal
Steam 1.6% Steam 2%
Auto Diesel 2.3% 1% Auto Diesel 8% Auto Other 1%
Auto Other
Gas 0.8% Gas 0.2%
0.7% FY06 Total Energy Cost: $13.6B 1%
FY05 Total Energy Cost: $10.9B Total BTUs: 832.5 T
Total BTUs: 919.3 trillion Standard price per barrel: $91.52 (avg)
Standard price per barrel: $61.88 (avg) *2006 DoD Energy Report

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