What Is

Commonly used DataBase Management Systems

The change over from Flat File System Relational Databases
Relational DataBase Structure
ID Name lname School
1234 Omer Niah James School
1235 James Parker NJ high school
Customer Table Relation Database:
ID Name lname School
1234 Omer Niah James School
ID Name lname University
1235 James Parker NJ University
Customer Table NoSQL:
Relational Databases NoSQL Databases
Structured Vs UnStructured Data
Pictures ,Website
Sensors , Geo information
Financial information
Scientific , Stocks
Medicalinfinite sources


Rise in Internet
and Sites with lots
of Traffic

In order to handle this lot of traffic
we need to Organise data by using
Bigger Boxes



But , this has limitations:
It costs a lot
Memory limitations
In order to overcome Big Boxes problem we use lots of lots of little boxes

Little boxes are the commodity hardware.
Here comes main Problem: :
SQL was designed to run on a single large system and
Doesnt work well with Large Clusters of little boxes
Data Distribution in NoSql databases
Usage of Joins doesnt make database scalable.
Transaction support and constraint support are to be
implemented at application level
No SQL doesnt support ACID properties,
It follows BASE model.
BASE ::
Basic Availability : The NoSQL database approach focuses on availability of data
even in the presence of multiple failures.

NoSQL databases spread data across many storage systems with a high degree of
replication.
Soft State: One of the basic concepts behind BASE is that data consistency is the
developer's problem and should not be handled by the database.
Eventual Consistency : The only requirement that NoSQL databases have regarding
consistency is to require that at some point in the future, data will converge to a
consistent state.


Mostly used NoSQL databases
Key-Value Database:
The main idea here is using
a hash table where there is a unique
key and a pointer to a particular item
of data.

The Key/value model is the simplest
and easiest to implement.
Examples: Tokyo Cabinet/Tyrant, Redis, Voldemort,
Oracle BDB, Amazon SimpleDB, Riak
Document Databases:
The semi-structured documents are stored in formats like JSON. Document databases are
essentially the next level of Key/value, allowing nested values associated with each key.

Document databases support querying more efficiently.
Examples: CouchDB, MongoDb

These were created to store and process very large amounts of data
distributed over many machines. There are still keys but they point to
multiple columns.

The columns are arranged by column family.
Examples: Cassandra, HBase

Instead of tables of rows and columns and the rigid structure of SQL, a flexible
graph model is used which, again, can scale across multiple machines.

NoSQL databases do not provide a high-level declarative query language like SQL
to avoid overtime in processing.
Consistency means that data is the same across the cluster, so you can read or
write to/from any node and get the same data

Availability means the ability to access the cluster even if a node in
the cluster goes down.

Partition Tolerance means that the cluster continues to function even
if there is a "partition" (communications break) between two nodes
(both nodes are up, but can't communicate).