Engineering Physics

BS-124
 Lecture
-03

 Instructor
Atif M.Khokhar
Assistant Professor
 Main Contents
• Review of the last Lecture
• Atomic Number and Atomic Mass
• Isotopes
• de Broglie Waves
• Home work
• Quiz
 Atomic structure

• When we finish this part you will be

able to;
• Define atomic number & mass
number and isotopes
• Under stand Wave nature of
matter
• Describe Wave Model about atom
 HELIUM ATOM
Shell
proton

+
N
-
+
- N

electron neutron

What do these particles consist of?

Home Work
 ATOMIC STRUCTURE

Particle Charge

proton + ve charge

neutron No charge

electron -ve charge

 ATOMIC STRUCTURE

He
Atomic mass /Mass no.
“A”
the number of protons and
neutrons in an atom

2 Atomic No. “Z”

the number of protons in an atom

number of electrons = number of protons

 Isotopes
The Isotopes of the element have the Same Atomic
no. “Z” but different Mass no. “A”

mass number (m) 1

atomic number (z) 1 H

1 proton
1 electron
 Isotopes

mass number (m) 2

atomic number (z) 1 H

1 proton, 1 neutron
1 electron
 Isotopes

mass number (m) 12

atomic number (z) 6C

6 protons, 6 neutrons
6 electrons
 Isotopes

mass number (m) 13

atomic number (z) 6 C

6 protons, 7 neutrons
6 electrons
 Quantum or Wave
Mechanics
• Light has both wave &
particle properties
• de Broglie (1924)
proposed that all
moving objects have
L. de Broglie wave properties.
(1892-1987) • For light: E = hν = hc / λ
Therefore, mc = h / λ
• For and
particles:
for particles E = mc2

(Einstein)
(mass)x(velocity) = h / λ

λ for particles is called the de Broglie wavelength

 WAVE properties of matter
Electron diffraction with
electrons of 5-200 keV
Davisson & Germer 1927

Na Atom Laser beams

λ = 15 micometers (µ m)

The new atom laser emits pulses of coherent atoms,

or atoms that "march in lock-step." Each pulse
contains several million coherent atoms.
 Quantum or Wave Mechanics
Schrodinger applied idea of e-
behaving as a wave to the
problem of electrons in atoms.
Solution to WAVE EQUATION
gives set of mathematical
expressions called
E. Schrodinger
1887-1961
WAVE FUNCTIONS, Ψ
Each describes an allowed energy
state of an e-Quantization
introduced naturally.
 de Broglie Waves
• One of Bohr’s postulates was the
angular momentum of the electron is
quantized, but there was no
explanation why the restriction
occurred
• de Broglie assumed that the electron
orbit would be stable (i.e., allowed)
only if it contained an integral number
of electron wavelengths
 de Broglie Waves in the
Hydrogen Atom
• In this example, three complete
wavelengths are contained in
the circumference of the orbit
• In general, the
circumference must equal
some integer number of
wavelengths
– 2 π r = n λ ; n = 1, 2,
…
 de Broglie Waves in the
Hydrogen Atom, cont.
• 2π r = n λ
• λ =h/(mev)
• 2π r =nh/(mev)
• mevr = nh/(2π ) [angular
momentum of circular orbit]
• This is precisely the quantization of
angular momentum condition
imposed by Bohr
 Quantum Mechanics and
the Hydrogen Atom
• One of the first great achievements of
quantum mechanics was the solution of
the wave equation for the hydrogen atom
• The significance of quantum mechanics is
that the quantum numbers and the
restrictions placed on their values arise
directly from the mathematics and not
from any assumptions made to make the
theory agree with experiments
 Home Work

•Draw the energy level diagram for Hydrogen

Atom for N= 10.
•You can use lead pencil and black & blue
 Quiz
Name :
Department:
Section:
Date:
Marks:
 Quiz-B
• According to Classical Theory electron radiate
energy while moving around the nucleus and at
last spiral into the nucleus and making atom
unstable.

• But atom is stable, why? Give reason and who

proposed this idea.

• You can draw figure to support your answer