Pacemaker batteries can use either mercury cells or lithium cells. Mercury cells use zinc and mercury electrodes with a sodium hydroxide electrolyte, while lithium cells use lithium and iodine with higher voltage, capacity, lifespan and efficiency. Lithium cells work through lithium ions reacting with iodine ions. Nuclear cells can also power pacemakers through converting radioactive decay into thermal and electrical energy, but carry safety risks.
Pacemaker batteries can use either mercury cells or lithium cells. Mercury cells use zinc and mercury electrodes with a sodium hydroxide electrolyte, while lithium cells use lithium and iodine with higher voltage, capacity, lifespan and efficiency. Lithium cells work through lithium ions reacting with iodine ions. Nuclear cells can also power pacemakers through converting radioactive decay into thermal and electrical energy, but carry safety risks.
Direitos autorais:
Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Formatos disponíveis
Baixe no formato PPT, PDF, TXT ou leia online no Scribd
Pacemaker batteries can use either mercury cells or lithium cells. Mercury cells use zinc and mercury electrodes with a sodium hydroxide electrolyte, while lithium cells use lithium and iodine with higher voltage, capacity, lifespan and efficiency. Lithium cells work through lithium ions reacting with iodine ions. Nuclear cells can also power pacemakers through converting radioactive decay into thermal and electrical energy, but carry safety risks.
Direitos autorais:
Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Formatos disponíveis
Baixe no formato PPT, PDF, TXT ou leia online no Scribd
batteries. Watches electrical signal of our heart and provide the electrical signal if our heart does not do so. When heart produces its own electrical signal then pacemaker continue to monitor Mercury cells
Negative electrode - zinc
Positive electrode -mercury liberated
from mercuric oxide
Electrolyte -sodium hydroxide.
Outer case –stainless steel.
zn+ + NaOH ------> NaZnO + H+ (+ive ions with mercuric oxide gives +ive ions of mercury and water) 2H+ + Hgo --------> Hg+ + H2O (mercury ions combine with incoming electron & neutralized) Hg+ +e- ----------> Hg Lithium cells
Anode --- lithium
Cathode---iodine
Life span more than 5 years
Discharge time will be low.
It will give low signal when they go beyond a particular
level.
Efficiency is high. Advantages
Higher cell voltage.
Higher capacity. Greater life span. Smaller size. Operation over a wide range of temperature Working of lithium cells
Li --------------> Li+ + e-
I2 + 2e- ---------> 2I-
2Li + I2 -------------> 2LiI
Rechargeable batteries They are not wisely used because they are not reliable.
Galvanic action in these cell evolves gas.
If the cell is sealed these gases must be consumed in balancing reaction.
So it is designed that the rate of evolution of oxygen gas from negative
electrode equal to the rate of recombination of with cadmium. Nuclear cells
Nuclear fuel can deliver enough
power to operate pacemakers. pu-238 produces radiation and hits the container and thus produces the heat. Thermopile is inserted which converts thermal energy to electrical energy. Thermopile is stack of thermocouple. High voltage nuclear cells
Uses radioactive material.
Radioactive material have too much of energy and releases the extra energy (electrons). It hits the outer surface and makes it negative The two surfaces are perfectly insulated. Low voltage nuclear cells
Uses radioactive material.
Here semiconductor is placed between the emitter and collector. Hence moving of electrons will be slow. Nuclear cells having long life time. But the patients are not willing to accept due to danger through radioactive radiation leakage. External power sources using Telemetry
Here multivibrators are used which
generates desired pulses at the rate of 70 beats / minute. Pulses are used to turn R.F oscillator of frequency 2 MHZ. Modulated R.F waves are amplified and transmitted through the transmitter coil. This type is also not liked by the cardiac patients.