Human Anatomy

Introduction
Anatomical position a common visual reference
point
Person stands erect with feet together and eyes
forward
Palms face anteriorly with the thumbs pointed away
from the body
Regional terms names of specific body areas
Axial region the main axis of the body
Appendicular region the limbs
Directional terminology
Refers to the body in anatomical position
Standardized terms of directions are paired terms

Orientation and Directional
Terms
Orientation and Directional
Terms
Orientation and Directional
Terms
Regional Terms
Regional Terms
Body Planes and Sections
Body Planes and Sections
Coronal (frontal) plane - Lies vertically
and divides body into anterior (front) and
posterior (back) parts
Sagittal plane lies vertically and divides
the body into left and right sides.
Median (midsagittal) plane - Specific sagittal
plane that lies vertically in the midline
Transverse plane - runs horizontally and
divides body into superior (up) and
inferior (down) parts
Figure 1.6
Body Planes and Sections
Oblique section through the trunk
Body Cavities and Membranes
Dorsal body cavity
Cavity subdivided
into the cranial
cavity and the
vertebral cavity.
Cranial cavity
houses the brain.
Vertebral cavity
runs through the
vertebral column
and encloses the
spinal cord
Body Cavities and Membranes
Ventral body cavity
subdivided into:
Thoracic cavity
divided into three
parts
Two lateral parts
each containing a
lung surrounded by
a pleural cavity
Mediastinum
contains the heart
surrounded by the
pericardial sac
Body Cavities and Membranes
Ventral body cavity
Abdominopelvic
cavity divided
into two parts
Abdominal cavity
contains the liver,
stomach, kidneys,
and other organs
Pelvic cavity
contains the
bladder, some
reproductive
organs, and rectum
Body Cavities and Membranes
Serous cavities a slit-like space lined by a
serous membrane
Pleura, pericardium, and peritoneum
Parietal serosa outer wall of the cavity
Visceral serosa covers the visceral organs
Body Cavities and Membranes
Other Body Cavities
Oral cavity
Nasal cavity
Orbital cavities
Middle ear cavities
Synovial cavities

Abdominal Regions and Quadrants
Abdominal regions divide the abdomen into
nine regions
Abdominal Quadrants
Abdominal quadrants divide the abdomen into four
quadrants
Right upper and left upper quadrants
Right lower and left lower quadrants

FOUR TYPES OF
ANIMAL TISSUES
EPITHELIAL TISSUE
(COVERING)
Tightly-joined closely-packed cells
One side of epithelium exposed to air
or internal fluid, other side attached to
a basement membrane, a dense
mat of extracellular matrix
(connective tissue)
Covers the outside of the body and
lines the internal organs and cavities
Barrier against mechanical injury,
invasive microorganisms, and fluid
loss
Provides surface for absorption,
excretion and transport of molecules

TYPES OF
EPITHELIAL
TISSUE
Cell shape
Squamous (flat & thin)
Cuboidal (box or square)
Columnar (rectangular)
Number of cell layers
Simple (one)
Stratified (two or more)
Pseudostratified (one but
appears to be two)
RELATE STRUCTURE TO
FUNCTION!
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
(FRAMEWORK)
Main function: binding
and support other
tissues
Large amount of
extra-cellular matrix
with fewer cells
Connective tissue
cells secrete the
extra-cellular matrix
Extracellular matrix
consists of network of
fibers in liquid, jelly-
like or solid matrix
MUSCLE TISSUE
(MOVEMENT)
Composed of long cells
called muscle fibers
Contraction movement
NERVOUS TISSUE
(CONTROL)
Senses stimuli and
transmits signals
called nerve
impulses from one
part of an animal to
another
Consists of a cell
body and long
extensions called
dendrites (towards
cell body) and
axons (towards
another cell or an
effector)

Axon
Dendrite
Cell body
Tissue Type Epithelial Connective Muscle Nerve
Cell Shape Flattened,
cuboidal,
columnar
Irregular or round Elongated Cell appendages
branched
Cell
Arrangement
Single
multilayered
Scattered in
matrix
In sheets or
bundles
Isolated or
networked
Location Body covering or
lining organs or
cavities
Supports other
organs
Lining internal
organs, make
skeletal muscles
Concentrated in
brain and spinal
cord + all over
the body
Surface Feature
of Cells
Cilia, microvilli - - -
Matrix Type Basement
membrane
Varied protein
fibers + liquid,
gelatinous, firm
to calcified
- -
Matrix Amount Minimal Extensive Absent Absent
Unique Feature No direct blood
supply, except for
glands
Cartilage has no
blood supply
Can generate
electrical signals,
force and
movement
Can generate
electrical signal