Stoichiometry

Stoichiometry
Stoichiometry includes all the quantitative
relationships involving:
atomic and formula masses
chemical formulas.
Mole ratio is a central conversion factor.

Example

Relating the Numbers of Moles of Reactant and Product

How many moles of AlCl
3
are formed by the reaction of 1.5 mol
of Al in an excess of Cl
2
?
Use the stoichiometric factor or mole ratio in an equation:


Write the Chemical Equation: Al (s) + Cl
2
AlCl
3

Balance the Chemical Equation: 2 Al (s) + 3 Cl
2
2AlCl
3


n
AlCl
3
= 1.5 mol Al
2 AlCl
3

2
= 1.5 mol
AlCl
3

Example
Use the stoichiometric factor or mole ratio in an
equation:

How many grams of water are produced in the combustion of
1.00 g butane,
4

10
;
Chemical Equation:

(l) +

(g) 8

()

2
0 = 1.00 g
4

10
x
1
4

10
58.0
4

10

10
2
0
2
4

10

18
2
0
1
2
0
= .

Stoichiometry (Limiting Reactant)
The reactant that is completely
consumed determines the amount of
product formed.

Example
Consider the following net-reaction:
Determining the Limiting Reactant and amount of Product formed in a
Reaction.

()
+
()
+

()

()

How much
2

4
can be formed from 5.0 mol of
2
, 2.0 mol of

2
, and an unlimited quantity of
2
?
:
Calculate the number of moles:


2
= 5.0 mol
2

1
2
2
2
= 2.5
2


2
= 2.0 mol
2

2
2
1
2
= 4
2

Calculate:

2

4
= 2.0 mol
2
x
2
2

4
1
2
= 4 mol of

Stoichiometry in Solutions

Molarity (M) =
Volume of solution (L)
Amount of solute (mol solute)
If 0.440 mol of urea is dissolved in enough water to make 1.000 L of solution
the concentration is:

c
urea
=
1.000 L
0.440 mol urea
= 0.440 M CO(NH
2
)
2

Example
Calculating the Mass of Solute in a Solution of
Known Molarity.

How many grams of
2

4
are required to make
0.350 L of 0.500 M
2

4
?
Volume moles mass
mol
L
g
mol
SOLUTION:

2

4
= 0.350 L soln x
0.500
2

4
1
x
142
2

4
1
2

4
= 24.9 g

Stoichiometry in Solutions
Solution Dilution


(Initial Molarity)(initial volume) = (final molarity)(final
volume)
M
i
V
i
= n
i
= n
f
= M
f
V
f
Example
Preparing a solution by dilution
How many mL of 3.0 M
2

4
are required to make
450 mL of 0.10 M
2

4
.



SOLUTION
:
V
i
=
V
f

M
f
M
i

M
i
V
i
= M
f

V
f

Calculate:
V
H
2
SO
4
= 450 mL
0.10
3.0
=