PRINSIP DASAR

NEUROIMAGING
Oleh
Edrial N. Eddin
MRI
X-Ray
MEDICAL IMAGING
NEUROIMAGING
A PET scan showing activity in the speech
centre of the brain
NEUROIMAGING
Pengukuran Makroskopik aktivitas otak manusia dapat diperoleh
maupun dilihat melalui instrument medis yang dengan
mengunakan teknologi "imaging" seperti :

MEG (Magnetoenchepalograph) memantau aktivitas
kemagnetan otak
EEG (Electroenchepalograph) memantau aktivitas listrik otak
TMS (Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation)
X Ray
CT Scan (CAT Scan - Computed Axial Tomography)
MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging)
NIRS (Near Infrared Spectroscopy)
PET (Positron Emission Tomography)
SPECT (Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography)
BIOMEDICAL IMAGING
GOAL :
Create images of the interior of the living
human body from the outside for diagnostic
purposes.

Biomedical Imaging is a multi-disciplinary field
involving :
Physics (matter, energy, radiation, etc.)
Math (linear algebra, calculus, statistics)
Biology/Physiology
Engineering (implementation)
Computer science (image reconstruction,
signal processing)

X-RAY IMAGING
Year discovered: 1895 (Rntgen, NP 1905)
Form of radiation: X-rays = electromagnetic
radiation (photons)
Energy / wavelength of radiation: 0.1 100 keV / 10 0.01 nm
(ionizing)
Imaging principle: X-rays penetrate tissue and
create "shadowgram" of
differences in density.
Imaging volume: Whole body
Resolution: Very high (sub-mm)
Applications: Mammography, lung diseases,
orthopedics, dentistry,
cardiovascular, gastro intestine
ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM
Contoh X-Ray Images
What do you see?
What dont you see?
X-Ray Computed Tomography
Year discovered: 1972 (Hounsfield, NP 1979)
Form of radiation: X-rays
Energy / wavelength of radiation: 10 100 keV / 0.1 0.01 nm
(ionizing)
Imaging principle: X-ray images are taken under
many angles from which
tomographic ("sliced") views
are computed
Imaging volume: Whole body
Resolution: High (mm)
Applications: Soft tissue imaging (brain,
cardiovascular, GI)

ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM
Contoh X-Ray CT Images
What do you see?
Nuclear imaging (PET/SPECT)
Year discovered: 1953 (PET), 1963 (SPECT)
Form of radiation: Gamma rays
Energy / wavelength of radiation: > 100 keV / < 0.01 nm
(ionizing)
Imaging principle: Accumulation or "washout" of
radioactive isotopes in the
body are imaged with x-ray
cameras.
Imaging volume: Whole body
Resolution: Medium Low (mm - cm)
Applications: Functional imaging (cancer
detection, metabolic
processes, myocardial
infarction)

ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM
Contoh SPECT/PET Images
What do you see?
PET
SPECT
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Year discovered: 1945 ([NMR] Bloch, NP 1952)
1973 (Lauterbur, NP 2003)
1977 (Mansfield, NP 2003)
1971 (Damadian, SUNY DMS)
Form of radiation: Radio frequency (RF)
(non-ionizing)
Energy / wavelength of radiation: 10 100 MHz / 30 3 m
(~10-7 eV)
Imaging principle: Proton spin flips are induced,
and the RF emitted by their
response (echo) is detected.
Imaging volume: Whole body
Resolution: High (mm)
Applications: Soft tissue, functional imaging
ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM
Contoh MR Images
What do you see?
Ultrasound Imaging
Year discovered: 1952 (clinical: 1962)
Form of radiation: Sound waves (non-ionizing)
NOT EM radiation!
Frequency / wavelength of radiation: 1 10 MHz / 1 0.1 mm

Imaging principle: Echoes from discontinuities in
tissue density/speed of sound
are registered.
Imaging volume: < 20 cm
Resolution: High (mm)
Applications: Soft tissue, blood flow
(Doppler)

ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM
For comparison, this is
wavelength/frequency range of US,
but US is NOT electromagnetic!
Contoh Ultrasound Images
What do you see?
SPECT
Optical Tomography
Year discovered: 1989 (Barbour)

Form of radiation: Near-infrared light (non-
ionizing)

Energy / wavelength of radiation: ~1 eV/ 600 1000 nm
Imaging principle: Interaction (absorption,
scattering) of light w/ tissue.
Imaging volume: ~103 cm3
Resolution: Low (~ 1cm)
Applications: Perfusion, functional imaging

ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM
Contoh Diffuse Optical Tomography
Images
What do you see?
SPECT
Brain
Arm
Breast
INSTRUMENTASI KEDOKTERAN
INSTRUMENTASI : Segala ikhwal yang
menyangkut INSTRUMEN

INSTRUMEN :
alat yang menambah ketelitian,
memperdalam dan memperpanjang
jangkauan manusia.
membantu manusia untuk mengetahui
besaran di sekitarnya.
PERALATAN ELEKTROMEDIK (1)
PERALATAN ELEKTROMEDIK PADA
DASARNYA DIGUNAKAN, UNTUK MEDICAL
TREATMENT DAN DIAGNOSIS PASIEN.
BIASANYA DILENGKAPI DENGAN INTRUKSI-
INSTRUKSI YANG DIPERLUKAN TERHADAP
PASIEN.

DILENGKAPI DENGAN SISTEM PENGAMAN
AGAR ALAT-ALAT TIDAK TERKONTAK
LANGSUNG DENGAN TUBUH PASIEN.
PERALATAN ELEKTROMEDIK (2)
SEMUA ORANG PERLU DIHINDARI TERHADAP
MUATAN LISTRIK YANG BERASAL DARI
PERALATAN ELEKTROMEDIK, DENGAN
MEMBUAT STANDARD PENGAMANAN.

MENGINGAT TINGKAT BAHAYA BAGI PASIEN
DAN PENGGUNA ALAT LISTRIK YANG
TERKONTAK DENGAN TUBUH MANUSIA,
MAKA :
PERALATAN ELEKTROMEDIK (3)
1. ALAT YANG DIGUNAKAN ADALAH HARUS
MEMENUHI STANDAR SERTA YANG AMAN.
2. ALAT YANG DIGUNAKAN TIDAK TERGOLONG TUA
(KOMPONEN SUDAH TIDAK SESUAI DGN
SPESIFIKASI TEKNISNYA),

3. KOMPONEN DENGAN UTILITAS RENDAH (SEPERTI
TABUNG VAKUM), SEBAIKNYA DIGANTI.

4. BILA MUNGKIN HARUS ADA SEORANG AHLI
LISTRIK UNTUK MENGATAKAN LAYAK TIDAKNYA
PEMAKAIAN.
KONSEP DASAR
PERALATAN ELEKTROMEDIK
KONSEP DASAR
PERALATAN ELEKTROMEDIK
KONSEP DASAR
PERALATAN ELEKTROMEDIK
A/D Converter: Resolution
Resolution Degree to which a measurand can be broken into
identifiable adjacent parts ex pictures dpi (dots per square inch)







Another Example is the number of levels of resolution ex multimeter or binary
data word
More Resolution
Less Resolution
1
2
3
1
1.5
2.5
2
3
Binary Resolution if you have 8 Bit that will represent 10 V what is the resolution
of the system? Resolution = 10 0 / 255 = 39 mV per bit
8 bits gives you
28
= 256 values or 256 -1 = 255 segments
Implementasi pada Gambar Digital
Sensitivity is the minimum input parameter that creates a
detectable output change
Precision is the degree of reproducibility of the
measurements
Resolution is the smallest detectable incremental input
parameter that can be detected in the output signal
Accuracy is the maximum difference between the actual
value and the indicated value
Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi
Analog vs Digital
Gambar / citra yang dihasilkan peralatan medis dapat berupa
gambar dalam bentuk analog ataupun digital.


Agar dapat diolah maupun diproses oleh komputer, gambar-
gambar tersebut harus dalam bentuk digital.

Citra Digital
Definisi :
Citra digital adalah hasil penangkapan suatu objek fisik
menggunakanperalatan pencitraan digital, dimana setiap
bagian dari gambar tersebut direpresentasikan dalam bentuk
piksel (picture elements) yang tersusun berdasarkan
perbandingan kolom dan baris yang telah ditetapkan
sebelumnya.

Keuntungan :
Suatu citra digital dapat diedit, dimanipulasi, dikirim, dihapus,
dikopi atau dimasukkan ke berkas komputer lainnya atau ke
halaman web.

Citra Digital
Kerugian :
Kualitas Pembesaran Gambar sangat tergantung dari
resolusi pengambilan gambar.

Citra digital dapat berupa :
Black and White
Gray scale
Color

MEDICAL IMAGES
One-dimentional Signals
Two-dimentional Images
Three-Dimentional Images
Four-Dimentional Images
Five- or Higher-Dimentional?
Konsep Dasar Pengambilan
Gambar
MRI System Block Diagram
The MRI is a medical
diagnostic technique
that creates images of
the body using the
principle of nuclear
magnetic resonance.
Magnetic Resonance Image
This system uses X rays
and computers to
produce three-
dimensional images of
the human body. It
provides detailed views
of the bodys soft tissues,
including blood vessels,
muscle tissue, and
organs, such as the
brain.
Computed Axial Tomography