steam generator

HASNAIN BASHIR
KAMRAN ZEB
WAQAR UDDIN



Group Members
Introduction

DEF: A transformer is a static electrical device that transform
ac electric power from one voltage level to another voltage
level through the action of electromagnetic induction

Frequency Remains constant.

There are two or more stationary electric circuits that are
coupled magnetically.
Transformer Classification


In terms of number of windings
1) Conventional transformer: two windings
2) Autotransformer: one winding
3) Others: more than two windings

In terms of number of phases
1) Single-phase transformer
2) Three-phase transformer

Depending on the voltage level at which the winding is operated
1) Step-up transformer: primary winding is a low voltage (LV)
winding
2) Step-down transformer : primary winding is a high voltage
(HV) winding

Primary and Secondary Windings

A two-winding transformer consists of two windings interlinked by
a mutual magnetic field.
Primary winding energized by connecting it to an input source
Secondary winding winding to which an electrical load is
connected and from which output energy is drawn.

Primary winding Secondary winding
Ideal Transformers

No iron and copper losses
No leakage fluxes
A core of infinite magnetic permeability and of infinite
electrical resistivity
winding resistances are negligible

An ideal transformer is a lossless device with an input winding
and an output winding. It has the following properties:

Ideal Transformers

a
i
i
v
v
p
s
s
p
= =

An ideal transformer is a lossless device with an input winding and
an output winding.
The relationships between the input voltage and the output voltage,
and between the input current and the output current, are given by the
following equations.
In instantaneous quantities
|
M
Ideal Transformers

a
I
I
V
V
p
s
s
p
= =
N
p
: Number of turns on the primary winding
N
s
: Number of turns on the secondary winding
v
p
(t): voltage applied to the primary side
v
s
(t): voltage at the secondary side
a: turns ratio
i
p
(t): current flowing into the primary side
i
s
(t): current flowing into the secondary side
a
N
N
i
i
v
v
s
p
p
s
s
p
= = =
In rms quantities
Power in an Ideal Transformer
( )
out s s p p in
out s s
s
s p p in
S I V I V S
Q I V
a
I
aV I V Q
in
P
p
I
p
V
p
aI
a
p
V
s s
I
s
V
out
P
s p
p p
I
p
V
in
P
= = =
= =
|
.
|

\
|
= =
= =
|
.
|

\
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
= =
= =
=
u u u
u u u
u u u
u
sin sin sin
cos cos cos
cos
Real power
Real power P supplied to the transformer by the primary circuit

Real power coming out of the secondary circuit
Thus, the output power of an ideal transformer is equal to its input power.
Reactive Power
The same relationship applies to reactive Q and apparent power S:
Transformers

Leakage flux: flux that goes through one of the transformer windings
but not the other one
Mutual flux: flux that remains in the core and links both windings
LS M S
LP M P
| + | = |
| + | = |
|
p
: total average primary flux
|
M
: flux linking both primary and secondary windings
|
LP
: primary leakage flux
|
S
: total average secondary flux
|
LS
: secondary leakage flux
Excitation Current


Excitation current.
The current required to produce flux in the ferromagnetic core and is
called excitation current. It consists of two components:

1. The magnetization current I
m
, which is the current required to
produce the flux in the transformer core

2. The core-loss current I
h+e
, which is the current required to make up
for hysteresis and eddy current losses
E
1
REAL TRANSFORMER LOSSES
Vp(t) jXm
Rp
Vs(t)
Rc
is(t)
Lp Ls
Np
Rs
ip(t)
Ns
Copper losses (I^2 R)
Leakage Flux losses
Core losses
Eddy currents
Hysteresis losses




Copper (I
2
R) losses. Copper losses are the resistive heating losses in the
primary and secondary windings of the transformer. They are proportional
to the square of the current in the windings.




Leakage flux. The fluxes which escape the core and pass through only one of
the transformer windings are leakage fluxes. These escaped fluxes produce
a self-inductance in the primary and secondary coils, and the effects of this
inductance must be accounted for.

Eddy current losses. Eddy current losses are resistive heating losses in the core
of the transformer. They are proportional to the square of the voltage
applied to the transformer.
Hysteresis losses. Hysteresis losses are associated with the rearrangement of
the magnetic domains in the core during each half-cycle. They are a
complex, nonlinear function of the voltage applied to the transformer.
Determining the Values of Components in the
Transformer Model
It is possible to experimentally determine the parameters of the
approximate the equivalent circuit. An adequate approximation of
these values can be obtained with only two tests.

open-circuit test

short-circuit test
Circuit Parameters: Open-Circuit Test
Circuit Parameters: Short-Circuit Test
Transformer Voltage Regulation
| | | |
| |
| | | |
| |
100
100

=
load full V
load full V load no V
load full V
load full V load no V
gulation Re Voltage %
p
p p
s
s s

The voltage regulation of a transformer is the change in the magnitude of the
secondary terminal voltage from no-load to full-load.
Referred to the primary side
Transformer Efficiency
u + +
+
=
=

=
= q
cos
1
1
s s loss core loss copper
loss core loss copper
I V P P
P P
Input Power
Losses
Input Power
Losses Input Power
Input Power
Output Power
Usually the efficiency for a power transformer is between 0.9 to 0.99.
The higher the rating of a transformer, the greater is its efficiency.
Hysteresis losses
Eddy Current loss

Continue
This loss can be reduced as follows when:
a- using high resistive core material, few % Si
b- using a laminated core

Skin Effect
Penetration depth (skin depth) is defined as the distance from the
surface to where the current density is l/e times the surface current
density:

Ferrite Core
o Mixture of iron oxide with oxide or carbonate of
manganese and zinc or nickel and zinc
o MnZn (1-2Mhz)
o NiZn (1-several 100 MHz)
o Resistivity of ferrite material (200-2000)ohm-cm
o Resistivity of metal alloy core (50-150)micro-ohm
o Used in SMPS

Continue
Advantages:
Lower cost
lower losses.
Disadvantages:
Ceramic material (unacceptable in high shock)
Application of Transformer
For voltage step up (electricity generation
station)
Voltage Step down (Industrial machine, House
hold appliances)
Impedance matching (loud speakers)
For coupling (in different stage of electronic
circuit e.g. amplifying system)
For Electrical Isolation
steam generator





ALLAH NEGHABAN

THE END