ZTE IS-IS Protocol

IS-IS Protocol Principle
V1.0

Purpose
The purpose for studying the contents is to:
Understand the basic concept of the ISIS.
Master the area division of the ISIS.
Master the routing calculation process of the ISIS.
Basic Concept of the ISIS
Hierarchical Division of the ISIS
Neighbor Establishment of the ISIS
Database Maintenance of the ISIS
Routing Calculation of the ISIS
Comparison of the ISIS and the OSPF

Contents
IS-IS Overview
IS-IS: dynamical routing protocol in the open
system interconnect (OSI) (OSI 10589 or
RFC1195)
Integrated IS-IS can support both of ISO and
TCP/IP
IS-IS: the IGP protocol
IS-IS: similar to the link-state protocol OSPF of
routing protocol
Same Points of the ISIS and the OSPF
Maintain the database of a link state and use the SPF
algorithm to calculate a shortest path tree;
Use the Hello packet to form and maintain the neighbor
relation;
Use the area concept or different level to form a two-level
hierarchical topology;
Have the capability to provide the address summarization
among areas;
Classless routing selection protocol;
Select an specified router to describe the broadcast type
network;
Have the authentication capability.
OSI and TCP/IP
OSI TCP/IP
End System (ES) Host
Intermediate System (IS)
Router
ES-IS
Communication protocol
from the host to the router
Proxy ARP
and others
IS-IS
Routing selection protocol
OSPF
Protocol Data Unit (PDU) packet
DLPDU
Data link PDU
Frame
NPDU
Protocol Data Unit in the
network layer
Packet and
group
OSI TCP/IP
CLNP
No connection network
protocol
IP protocol
NSAP
Address and identifier
IP address
Subnetwork Point of
Attachment (SNPA)

Subnet
LSP (IS-IS)
PDU of link status. It is
the packet.
LSA (OSPF)
ISIS Address StructureNET
NET Address (Network entity title )
The address of the OSI network. It is called the NET address. It is
used to describe the area ID and the system ID of the device.
Area: the area number. The length is variable from 1 to 13 bytes.
By default, one router can have three area numbers.
ID: the system ID. It is similar to the Router ID in the OSPF. The
length is variable. Commonly, it is 6 bytes. It is identified by using
the interface MAC. It is unique in the area.
Sel: selection character. It is similar to the IP protocol number. It is
set to 0x00. It means a NET address.
Example of the NET Addresses
39.0f01.0002.4444.4444.4444.00
39.0f01.0002.3333.3333.3333.00
39.0f01.0003.6666.6666.6666.00
39.0f01.0004.7777.7777.7777.00
39.0f01.0001.2222.2222.2222.00
39.0f01.0001.1111.1111.1111.00

Contents
Area Division of the ISIS
IS-IS is composed of L2 backbone area and L1
non backbone area.
The following routers run the IS-IS router:
L1 router (routing inside the area)
L2 router (routing among areas)
L1/L2 router (similar to the ABR router of the OSPF)
Area Comparison of the ISIS and the OSPF
Area
0
A
B
C
D
E
F
Area
1
Area
2
ABR
ABR
The area division of the OSPF is
done on the router.
A
B
C D
E
F
L1
Area
2
L1/L2
L1/L2
L1
L2 L2
The area division of the ISIS is done on the link.
Features of the ISIS
The area division of the IS-IS is done on the link.
The whole router is in one area.
To prevent routing loop among areas, the
communication among areas must pass through
L2 area. Therefore, L2 router must be directly
connected.
The L1/L2 router only notifies the routing of L1
type to L1 router. The L1 area is equivalent to the
totally-stub area of the OSPF protocol.
L1 Router and L2 Router
Level1 router:
It can only be neighbor with the routers in the area.
It has the level1 LSDB which contains all routing
information in the area.
It uses the nearest L1/L2 router to leave the area.
It may have the sub optimization routing.
Level2 router:
It can be neighbor with routers in other areas.
It has the level2 LSDB which contains all routing
information in other areas.
L1/L2 Router
L1/L2 router:
It can have neighbors of other areas.
It has two LSDBs:
Level1 LSDB about the internal routing information in the area
Level2 LSDB about routing information among areas
If one router has the adjacency relation with other
routers, it may pass through other Level1 router in
the area: it is the potential exit of the area itself.

Network Hierarchical Structure of IS-IS

Contents
Working Progress of the ISIS
Establish the adjacency relation;
Send the LSP and synchronize the database
information of the link status;
Use the SPF algorithm to calculate the best routes.
Neighbor Establishment Process of the ISIS
Send the Hello packets (IIH PDU) in period (10s)
to find the neighbors;
Match the parameters to establish the adjacency
relation.
Init Learn the neighbors. But the adjacency
relation is not formed;
UP Establish the adjacency relation.

Hello PDUIIH
IIH interconnects with others to form adjacency among
ISIS routers.

Classification of the IIH:
P2P IIH (used for point to point network)
LAN IIH (used for broadcast type network)
-- LAN Level1 IIH (0180.C200.0014)
-- LAN Level2 IIH (0180.C200.0015)

IIH fulfills the MTU. Only when the MTUs in the two ends
are consistent, then the adjacency can be formed.

Hello PDUIIH
Three Handshakes for Establishing Neighbor
Enter the init status when receiving the hello packet of the
neighbor;
Enter the UP status when finding the MAC of itself in the
TLV of neighbor hello packet.
The election of the Designated ISDIS
Reduce the neighbor information carried in the LSP sent in
the broadcast type network and simplify the network
structure.
In the broadcast type network, We should elect designated
router for L1 and L2 areas respectively .
All neighbors need to establish the adjacency relation.
DIS assigns LAN IDs of the network. It is composed of the
system ID of the DIS
Election principle
-- The interface is specified with a L1 type priority and a L2 type
priority. The range is 0127. The larger the number is, the higher the
priority is;
-- When the priorities are the same, see the MAC addresses of
the interfaces. The larger the number is, the higher the priority is;
-- The DIS is not stable and it can be preempted .
DIS on the Broadcast Link

Contents
Maintenance of the Database
LSP: link state PDU
Exchange the routes information, establish and maintain
the LSDB .
CSNP: Complete Sequence Number PDU
In the point to point and broadcast link, CSNP is used to
check the consistency of the LSDB
PSNP: Partial sequence number PDU
The two main functions :
In the point to point link, it is used to confirm the received
LSP;
In the point to point and broadcast link, it is used to request
the newest version or lost LSP.
LSPLink State PDU
Two types of LSP
LSP generated by non pseudo node
LSP of the LAN represented by pseudo node
(generated by DIS)
Level 1 router generates Level 1 LSP
Level 2 router generates Level 2 LSP
Level 1-2 router generates Level 1 LSP and Level
2 LSP
Generation of Non Pseudo Node LSP
In the following conditions, each IS router
generates and disperses the non pseudo node
LSP:
New neighbor joining or leaving
New IP prefix adding or removing
Changing of the metric of link
Refreshing timer overflow
Generation of Pseudo Node LSP
Pseudo LSP is generated by DIS
Each layer generates a LSP
Each LAN generates a LSP
Pseudo node LSP can reduce the adjacency and
flooding
In the following conditions, DIS generates and
floods new pseudo nodes LSPs :
New neighbor joining or leaving
Refreshing timer overflow
Generation of Pseudo Node
Broadcast link is represented by a virtual node, which is called
pseudo node (PSN).
Pseudo node
Only DIS can generate the PSN
The DIS election is preemptive. It is determined by the interface
priority. If the priorities are consistent, it is determined by the MAC
address. The larger the number is, the higher the priority is.
There is only DIS and no backup DIS. DIS is helpful for the routers
in the broadcast link to synchronize LSDB.

DIS
PSN
DIS
LSP Database (No PSN)
LSP Database (Carried with PSN)
LSP Packet
CSNP Packet
PSNP Packet

Contents
Calculation of the RouteMetric
Default: default metric (necessary)
Delay: pass-through delay of a subnet (optional)
Expense: cost of a subnet (optional)
Error: show the remaining error problems of the subnet. It
is similar to reliability metric of IGRP/EIGRP (optional).

Each metric is expressed by 063. each kind of metric is
calculated by the separated independent routing.
Therefore, if one system supports the four metrics. SPF
can make L1 and L2 to calculate four times. The router
SPF to the destination can be calculated repetitiously.
Calculation of RouteBest Router Selection
If there are multiple routes to a destination :
The path of L1 is prior to the path of L2
If the path supports the optional metric, then it is prior to
the default metric
The route with lowest metric is prior than others in each
level
If there are multiple paths with the same cost in the
routing table, you can use the load balancing. There are
six at most(depend on router).

Contents
Same Points of the ISIS and the OSPF(1)
They are both the link state protocols and use the SPF
algorithm to calculate the routes.
They both have the fast convergence and loop free
function. They are capable for large networks.
They both use the hello protocol to maintain the neighbor
relation.
They both use the hierarchical routing concept. They both
have the backbone areas, which can provide the agile and
actual design plan for the network planning.
Same Points of the ISIS and the OSPF(2)
To control the scale and complexity of LSDB , DR/DIS is
elected on the broadcast network.
They both support the authentication.
They both use the interface configurable cost for route
metric .
They both have the capability to provide the address
summarization among areas.
They both support the classless routing selection protocol.
Distinctions of the ISIS and the OSPF(1)
ISIS OSPF
Protocol model OSI model
Design for CLNS. It is added with the
support of the IP.
TCP/IP model
It is dedicated for the IP network.
Packet
encapsulation
Run in the link layer. The packet is
directly encapsulated in the packet of
the link status. It supports multiple
protocols, such as CLNS and IP.
Packet is encapsulated in the IP. It only
supports the IP protocol.
Network type Broadcast type and point to point Broadcast type, point to point, point to
multiple points, NBMA and virtual link
Area Backbone area is not a specified area. It
is composed of continuous Level 2
routers.
Area border is in the link among routers.
By default, the ISIS is the stub area. L2
cannot leak routing information to L1.
Backbone area is area 0
Area border is on the ABR router
By default, it is not the stub area.

DR/DIS Preemptive. No BDR.
In the broadcast network, the router and
all neighbors establish the adjacency
relation.
Non preemptive. Have BDR.
The router only establishes the
adjacency relation with DR and BDR
neighbors.
Adjacency
establishment
Establish the adjacency relation through
the hello packet. and establish
adjacency
Establish the neighbor relation through
the hello packet, and establish
adjacency after LSDB synchronization
Distinctions of the ISIS and the OSPF(2)
ISIS OSPF
LSDB Use LSP. It is a packet .
The initial database synchronization is
done after the establishment of the
adjacency relation.
Use LSA. It is encapsulated in the IP
packet.
The initial database synchronization is
done before the establishment of the
adjacency relation.
SPF algorithm Run Level 1 SPF in the area to
calculate the routings.
Run Level 2 SPF in the area to
calculate the routings.
Run SPF in the area to calculate the
routings.
Run distance vector algorithm among
areas to calculate the routings.
Scalability ISIS can neglect the TLV type that it
does not support.
All OSPF routers in the network must
identify all used extension and LSA
options.
Applicable
range
It is commonly used in the large ISP. It is commonly used in the enterprise
network and large ISP.
Complexity Generate less LSP. Commonly, it uses
only one area.
Generate more LSAs. Commonly it is
configured with multiple areas.
Network scale It can support rather larger single area. For rather large network, it is commonly
divided to multiple areas.
Summary
The chapter mainly introduces the
following contents:
Basic concept of the ISIS
ISIS area division, database
maintenance and routing calculation
method
Questions
1. How many kinds of the ISIS areas are there?
What are the features of each kind?
2. What is the function of the hello packet of the ISIS?
3. Which kind of network generates the DIS? How is
it elected?

ZTE IS-IS Protocol

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IS-IS Protocol Principle

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