IE 447

COMPUTER INTEGRATED
MANUFACTURING
CHAPTER 3
NUMERICAL CONTROL
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Prepared by Hamed
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A Definition:
Numerical Control is a system in which
actions are controlled by the direct insertion
of numerical data at some point. The
system must automatically interpret at least
some portion of the data
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MACHINE UNIT
NUMERICAL
CONTROLLER
NUMERICAL
DATA
(NC CODE)
MANUFACTURING
OPERATOR
PROCESSED
PART
Drive Control
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Types of Numerical Control
Conventional Numerical Control (NC)
Direct Numerical Control (DNC)
Computer Numerical Control (CNC)
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Conventional Numerical
Control (NC)
Data is sent to the machine tool by means of
punch cards or tapes. The reader at the
machine performs no calculations or
interpolations.
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Direct Numeric Control (DNC)
Is a method where a single computer
controls many numerical control machine
tools. These machine tools may or may not
be of a similar nature
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Computer Numerical Control
(CNC)
The idea of computer numerical control is
to position a computer right at the
machine tool. Most, if not all machine tools
that are numericaly controlled are CNC
machine tools.
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Computer Numerical Control (CNC)
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Advantages
o Reduces time for
delivery of part
Reduces scrap rate of
material
o Reduces tooling
costs
o Reduces layout time
o Increases machine
and tool life

o Reduces storage
problems
o Less setup time
o Reduces actual
machining time
Allows rapid design
changes in part Less
jigs and fixtures are
needed
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NC Programming Fundamentals
or how to put the GO in your G-codes
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NC Part Programming
Linear tool motion (Milling) relative to the part

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Example: A Milling Operation
X
Z
Y
(0,0,0)
NC CODE (Word Address Format)

N50 G00 X15 Y12.5 Z0
N55 M03
N60 G01 Z-2.5 F500 M08
N65 G01 X50
N70 G01 Y45
N75 G01 X15
N80 G01 Y12.5
N85 G00 Z0 M09
N90 G79 M04

SPINDLE
STARTED !
SPINDLE
STOP !
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Basics of NC Part Programming
it is always assumed that the tool moves relative to
the work piece no matter what the real situation is.
The position of the tool is described by using a
Cartesian coordinate system.
If (0,0,0) position can be described by the operator,
then it is called floating zero.


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Preparatory Functions (G Codes)
G-codes
Tool motion
Rapid traverse G00
Positioning command
Moves the tool at a rapid feed rate to a specific XYZ
coordinate
Takes the shortest route to reach the specified point
Format
G00 Xx Yy Zz
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G-codes
Linear Interpolation
Moves the tool from its current position to a
specific XYZ coordinate at a specified feed
rate
Format
G01 Xx Yy Zz ff
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G-codes
Linear Interpolation
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G-codes
Circular Interpolations
Moves a tool around a circular arc to a
specific XYZ coordinate
Requires 5 pieces of information
Plane selection
Arc start point
Rotation direction
Arc end point
Arc center or arc radius
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G-codes
Circular Interpolations
G02 circular interpolation clockwise around
an arc G03 circular interpolation counter
clockwise around an arc
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G-codes
How You Tell Directions
The direction for G02 can be determined
by rotating from the positive axes
towards the negative axes. The direction
for a G03 is exactly opposite
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G-codes
Still Going in Circles
basic methods
Radius method
(G02,G03) Xx Yy Rr Ff (on the XY plane)
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G-codes
Radius Method
Requires two entry parameters in the
command the XYZ end point of the arc and
the radius R
G02/G03 Xx Yy Zz Rr

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G-codes
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G90 M3 S2000
; G90 -absolute coordinate
; M3 - spindle ON
; S - RPM
G0 X0 Y0 Z10
;G0- rapid movement
X10 Y5
Z2
G1 Z-2 F100
;G1- linear movement
;F- feed
X80 F200
X10 Y40
Y5
x80 Y40
x45 y45
x10 y40
x80
x80 y5
g0 z10
x0y0
M30 ; Spindle off
X5
y10
X80
y10
X80
y40
X45 y45
X5
y40
G-codes
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Quiz
Homework #1 - Due date: March 10
th

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Z=-2
Tool Diameter = 0.5 mm

CNC Pro-Light 1000 Machine
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G-codes
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Spindle
On/Off
Vice
Open/Close
E-stop
1- Machine Home
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2- Reference Point

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3. Set position

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4- Run

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