SONNY P.

DE LEON
MT 1

Electricity and
Magnetism
Electric Current and Magnetism
He's not as famous as
Darwin or Newton, but if
you've ever used a modern
gadget, chances are you
have this 19th-century
Danish physicist to thank.
Oersteds Experiment
successfully connected electricity and magnetism
discovered that in addition to the electric field, a charge also
has a magnetic field around it when it moves.
when current is present, the needle deflects perpendicular to
the wire
when the current is reversed, the needle deflects in the
opposite direction
Electric Current and Magnetism ( Electromagnetism)
Magnetic fields exist around current-
carrying wires, permanent magnets,
and moving charged particles.
Oersteds Principle
A charge moving through a straight conductor produces a
circular magnetic field around the conductor
The Right Hand Rule
is used to determine the direction of the magnetic field:
If you hold a straight conductor in your right hand with your
right thumb pointing in the direction of the conventional
current, your curled fingers will point in the direction of the
magnetic field lines.
Note: If you use the electron flow model instead, you must use
your left hand
Representing Currents and Magnetic fields
a cross-section of the wire is often shown
the current can either go into the page (x) or out of the page (.)
this model is based on an arrow
the magnetic fields get farther apart as you move away from the wire to
indicate that it is getting weaker
Implications
led to new technologies like motors and generators
demonstrated using electricity to produce magnetism
can produce magnetic fields with properties that can
be controlled:
can turn the magnetism on and off
can change the direction of the magnetic field
can change the strength of the magnetic field
Right-hand Rule
It is used to determine the direction of magnetic
field.
(1) Current Carrying Wire
loop
The magnitude or strength
of magnetic field B at a given
point is
B =
0
I / 2r

B =
0
I / 2 r (current carrying wire)
Where
0
is the permeability of free space, I is the current,
and r is the distance from the center of the wire to the point of
interest.
The SI unit for magnetic field is tesla ( T), named after Nicola
Tesla, who invented the modern radio among other things.
The permeability of free space
0
is 4 x 10
-7
tesla
Magnetic Field Through a Wire loop
(2) Wire loop
A current-carrying wire is more
useful as magnet when it is wound in
loop or many turns.
The magnitude of magnetic field at
the center of a wire loop is B =
0
N I
/ 2r
Right -hand rule (coil)
Grasp the coil so that your curled fingers is the
direction of the current and the thumb is the
direction of the magnetic field.
A current carrying wire is more useful as a magnet
when it is wound in a loop or many turns. The
result is that the magnetic field at the center of the
loop adds up, intensifying the field there.
Solenoid
When many turns are made
such that the length of the
coil is greater than the radius
of each turn, the coil is
solenoid.
The magnitude of magnetic
field at the center of the
solenoid at a given point is,
B =
0
N I / L, where L stands for
the length of the solenoid.
Right - hand rule
Grasp the solenoid so
that your curled fingers
is the direction of the
current and the thumb
is the direction of the
magnetic field.

Solenoid are described in
terms of the ratio n, the
number of turns per unit
length.
The magnetic field at the
center of the solenoid can be
computed as B =
0
N I / L
Solenoid
The magnetism of a solenoid may be turned on or off and the
magnetic field may be increased through the following ways:
Increasing the current
Increasing the number of turns or windings
Making the winding close and tight
Inserting soft iron core inside the solenoid.

Electric Current and Magnetism
Two wires carrying electric current exert force on each
other, just like two magnets.
The forces can be attractive or repulsive depending on
the direction of current in both wires.
Electric Current and Magnetism
The magnetic field around a single wire is too small
to be of much use.
There are two techniques to make strong magnetic
fields from current flowing in wires:
1. Many wires are bundled together, allowing the
same current to create many times the magnetic
field of a single wire.
2. Bundled wires are made into coils which
concentrate the magnetic field in their center.
Electric Current and Magnetism
The most common form of
electromagnetic device is a
coil with many turns called a
solenoid.
A coil takes advantage of
these two techniques
(bundling wires and making
bundled wires into coils) for
increasing field strength.
The true nature of magnetism
The magnetic field of a coil is identical to the field of
a disk-shaped permanent magnet.
Electric Current and Magnetism
The electrons moving
around the nucleus carry
electric charge.
Moving charge makes
electric current so the
electrons around the
nucleus create currents
within an atom.
These currents create the
magnetic fields that
determine the magnetic
properties of atoms.
Magnetic force on a moving charge
The magnetic force on a wire is really due to force
acting on moving charges in the wire.
A charge moving in a magnetic field feels a force
perpendicular to both the magnetic field and to the
direction of motion of the charge.

Magnetic force on a moving charge
A magnetic field that has a strength of 1 tesla (1 T)
creates a force of 1 newton (1 N) on a charge of 1
coulomb (1 C) moving at 1 meter per second.
This relationship is how the unit of magnetic field is
defined.
Magnetic force on a moving charge
A charge moving perpendicular to a magnetic
field moves in a circular orbit.
A charge moving at an angle to a magnetic field
moves in a spiral.
Magnetic field near a wire
The field of a straight wire is proportional to the current
in the wire and inversely proportional to the radius
from the wire.
Magnetic field
(T)
Radius (m)
Current (amps)
B = 2x10
-7
I

r

Magnetic fields in a coil
The magnetic field at the center of a coil comes from
the whole circumference of the coil.
Magnetic
field
(T)
Radius
of coil (m)
Current
(amps)
No. of turns of
wire
B = 2p x10
-7
NI

r

Calculate magnetic field
A current of 2 amps flows
in a coil made from 400
turns of very thin wire.
The radius of the coil is 1
cm.
Calculate the strength of
magnetic field (in tesla) at
the center of the coil.
Electromagnets and the Electric Motor
Key Question:
How does a motor work?
*Students read Section 23.2 AFTER Investigation 23.2
Electromagnets and the Electric Motor
Electromagnets are magnets that
are created when electric current
flows in a coil of wire.
A simple electromagnet is a coil
of wire wrapped around a rod of
iron or steel.
Because iron is magnetic, it
concentrates and amplifies the
magnetic field created by the
current in the coil.
23.2 Electromagnets and the Electric
Motor
The right-hand rule:
When your fingers
curl in the direction of
current, your thumb
points toward the
magnets north pole.

23.2 The principle of the electric motor
An electric motor uses electromagnets to convert
electrical energy into mechanical energy.
The disk is called the rotor because it can rotate.
The disk will keep spinning as long as the external
magnet is reversed every time the next magnet in the
disk passes by.
One or more stationary magnets reverse their poles
to push and pull on a rotating assembly of magnets.
23.2 The principle of the electric motor
23.2 Commutation
The process of reversing the current in the
electromagnet is called commutation and the switch
that makes it happen is called a commutator.
23.2 Electric Motors
Electric motors are very common.
All types of electric motors have three key
components:
1. A rotating element (rotor) with magnets.
2. A stationary magnet that surrounds the rotor.
3. A commutator that switches the electromagnets
from north to south at the right place to keep the
rotor spinning.
23.2 Electric Motors
If you take apart an electric motor that runs on
batteries, the same three mechanisms are there;
the difference is in the arrangement of the
electromagnets and permanent magnets.
Electric motors
The rotating part of the
motor, including the
electromagnets, is called
the armature.
This diagram shows a
small battery-powered
electric motor and what it
looks like inside with one
end of the motor case
removed.
23.2 Electric motors
The permanent magnets
are on the outside, and
they stay fixed in place.
The wires from each of
the three coils are
attached to three metal
plates (commutator) at
the end of the armature.
commutator
23.2 Electric Motors
As the rotor spins, the three plates come into
contact with the positive and negative brushes.
Electric current flows through the brushes into the
coils.
23.3 Induction and the Electric Generator
Key Question:
How does a generator
produce electricity?
*Students read Section 23.3 AFTER Investigation 23.3
23.3 Induction and the Electric Generator
If you move a magnet near a coil of wire, a
current will be produced.
This process is called electromagnetic
induction, because a moving magnet induces
electric current to flow.
Moving electric charge creates magnetism and
conversely, changing magnetic fields also can
cause electric charge to move.
23.3 Induction
Current is only produced if
the magnet is moving
because a changing
magnetic field is what creates
current.
If the magnetic field does not
change, such as when the
magnet is stationary, the
current is zero.
23.3 Induction
If the magnetic field is increasing, the induced current
is in one direction.
If the field is decreasing, the induced current is in the
opposite direction.
23.3 Magnetic flux
A moving magnet
induces current in
a coil only if the
magnetic field of
the magnet
passes through
the coil.
MAGNETIC FLUX
MAGNETIC LINE OF FORCE

23.3 Faraday's Law

Faradays law says
the current in a coil
is proportional to
the rate at which the
magnetic field
passing through the
coil (the flux)
changes.
23.3 Faraday's Law
23.3 Generators
A generator is a device that uses induction to
convert mechanical energy into electrical energy.

23.3 Transformers
Transformers are
extremely useful
because they efficiently
change voltage and
current, while providing
the same total power.
The transformer uses
electromagnetic
induction, similar to a
generator.
23.3 Transformers
A relationship between voltages and turns for a
transformer results because the two coils have a
different number of turns.
The induced emf in the primary and secondary
coil is given by
V
e P
= -N
p
(BA) / t ( primary coil)
V
e S
= -N
s
(BA) / t ( secondary coil)
Transformer efficiency is the ratio of the power
output to the power input.
E = power output / power input
= V
e S
i
s
/ V
e P
i
p


Step-up transformer transformer that produces
a larger output voltage.
Step-down transformer - gives a lower output
voltage.

Solve:
1. A friend being back from Europe a device that she
claims to be the worlds greatest coffee
maker.Unfortunately, it was designed to to operate
from 240 V line to obtain the 960 W of power that it
needs.
a. What can she do to operate it at 120-V?
b. What current will the coffee maker draw from 120-V
line?
2. An ac generator that delivers 20 A at 6000 V is connected
to a step-up transformer . What is the output current at
120 000 V if the trnsformer efficiency is 100%?
3. A step-up transformer has 400 secondary turns and only
100 primary turns. A 120V alternating voltage is connected
to primary coil.What is the output voltage?
Application: Trains that Float by
Magnetic Levitation