BY-

SUBHANSHI AGARWAL

(091558)
PROBIOTICS
CONTENTS
Introduction
Probiotics
Health Benefits
Mechanism Of Action
Probiotic Impact on Health and Diseases
Prebiotics
Synbiotics
Products In India
Institutes engaged for Probiotics Research in India
Future Implication of Probiotics
Conclusion
Introduction
The human gastrointestinal tract is inhabited by a complex and dynamic
population of around 500-1000 of different microbial species which remain
in a complex equilibrium. It has been estimated that bacteria account for
3550% of the volume content of the human colon. These include
Bacteroides, Lactobacillus, Clostridium, Fusobacterium, Bifidobacterium,
Eubacterium, Peptococcus, Peptostreptococcus,Escherichia and
Veillonella.

Gut microbiota influences human health through an impact on the gut
defense barrier, immune function, nutrient utilization.

A balance among microbial groups present in human gut is crucial for
maintaining health. When this balance is disturbed, the hostmicrobe
relationship can progress towards a disease state.
Microbiota deviations are associated with enhanced risk of specific diseases
including irritable bowel disease and antibiotic associated diarrhea and it has
been associated with allergy, obesity and diabetes.
PROBIOTICS
At the start of the 20th century, Russian noble
prize winner and father of modern
immunology, Elie Metchnikoff, a scientist at
the Pasteur institute, was the first
conceptualize probiotics.


A probiotic has been defined as a live
microorganism which when administered
in adequate amounts confers a health
benefit to the host

Elie Metchnikoff
6
Characterstics of probiotics
Able to survive the passage through the digestive system.
Able to attach to the intestinal epithelia and colonise.
Able to maintain good viability.
Able to utilise the nutrients and substrates in a normal diet.
non pathogenic and non toxic.
Capable of exerting a benificial effect on the host.
Stability of desired characteristics during processing, storage and
transportation.



Probiotic Strains
Lactobacillus species
L. acidophilus
L. plantarum
L. casei subspecies rhamnosus
L. brevis
L. delbreuckii subspecies bulgaricus

Bifidobacterium species
B. adolescentis
B. bifidum
B. longum
B. infantis
B. breve


Others
Streptococcus salivarius ssp. thermophilus
Lactococcus lactis ssp. lactis
Lactococcus lactis s ssp. cremoris
Enterococcus faecium
Leuconostoc mesenteroides ssp. dextranicum
Propionibacterium freudenreichii
Pediococcus acidilactici
Saccharomyces boulardii



Health Benefits


Mechanism of Action
1. Adhesion
2. Anti-Microbial substances

Adhesion
Adhesion to the intestinal mucosa is
regarded as a prerequisite for colonization
and is an important characteristic related to
the ability of strains to modulate the
immune system.
Thus, adhesion has been one of the main
selection criteria for new probiotic strains.
Several reports demonstrate that specific
probiotics can competitively inhibit the
adhesion of pathogens such as Salmonella
Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes,
Staphylococcus aureus, Bacteroides
vulgatus and Clostridium difficile and also,
displace them.
In general, it is considered that probiotic
strains are able to inhibit the attachment of
pathogenic bacteria by means of steric
hindrance at enterocyte pathogen receptors.

Anti-Microbial Substances
In general, the antimicrobial metabolites produced by lactic acid
bacteria can be divided into two groups:
(i) low molecular mass compounds (bellow 1,000 Da) such as
organic acids, which have a broad spectrum of action,
(ii) antimicrobial proteins, termed bacteriocins (>1.000 Da), which
have a relatively narrow specificity of action against closely related
organisms and other Gram-positive bacteria.
The acids secreted in the fermentative metabolism of carbohydrates
by probiotics have been considered to be the main antimicrobial
compounds responsible for their inhibitory activity against
pathogens .
Probiotics have also exhibited antagonistic effects against
pathogens belonging to the genera Listeria,Clostridium, Salmonella,
Shigella, Escherichia, Helicobacter, Campylobacter and Candida .

Probiotics Impact on Health and
Diseases
Helicobacter pylori Infection
Diarrhea
Irritable Bowel Syndrome
Antibiotic associated Diarrhea
Hypertension
Helicobacter pylori Infection

H. pylori is a Gram-negative spiral-shaped, micro-aerophilic Rod
bacteria which is a specific inhabitant of the human stomach.
Urease, an important product produced by H. pylori, hydrolyses urea
to ammonium, leading to increased pH in the stomach which
promotes colonization of the microorganism.
the eradication of H. pylori from the stomach requires a combination
of therapies. Antibiotics (e. g. amoxicillin, clarithromycin, or
nitroimidazoles) are used together with acid suppression drugs
(proton pump inhibitors or H2-receptor antagonists).
Several in vitro and in vivo studies demonstrated that probiotic
strains inhibit the growth or the attachment of H. pylori by means of
organic acid production, antimicrobial substances , competitive
inhibition for the binding sites to mucus-producing cells. .
It has been observed that Lactobacillus salivarius inhibits the
colonization of H. Pylori and decreased the side effects of antibiotics.

Diarrhea

The ability of probiotics to decrease the incidence or duration of certain
diarrheas is the most substantiated health effects of probiotics.
A number of specific strains, including Lactobacillus GG, Lactobacillus
reuteri, Lactobacillus casei, Saccharomyces boulardii, Bifidobacterium
strains and others, have been demonstrated by controlled clinical trials to
decrease the severity and duration of acute diarrhea which is induced by
enteropathogens such as E. coli, Shigella and Salmonella..
In addition, these probiotics have been also effective in the treatment of
other diarrheas including travellers diarrhea and diarrhea disease in young
children caused by rotaviruses.
AAD is often seen in patients receiving antibiotic therapy which results in
the suppression of the normal host gastrointestinal microflora, thus
facilitating the overgrowth of enteropathogens, which can cause diarrhea
and colonic inflammation (colitis)
A clinical trial showed the the efficacy of L. rhamnosus strains in the
prevention of AAD caused by Clostridium difficile


17
Irritable Bowel Syndrome
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is characterized by a abdominal pain,
bloating, and change in bowel habit.
Different studies in adults showed that B. infantis, L.rhamnosus GG and
also, the mixture of different probiotics as L.rhamnosus GG, L. rhamnosus ,
B. breve , and Propionibacterium freudenreichii JS can be effective in
alleviating symptoms of IBS via number of mechanisms such as increasing
mucosal TGF- and IL-10 and reducing pro-inflammatory cytokines, such
as IL-12 and interferon (IFN).

Hypertension
Consumption of milk fermented with various strains of LAB may result in
modest reductions in blood pressure, due to the ACE inhibition-like
peptides produced during fermentation.


PREBIOTICS
A prebiotic is a nondigestible component which beneficially affects the host by
selectively stimulating the growth and/or activity of one or a limited number of
colonic bacteria, thereby improving the health of the host .
Examples-insulin, garlic, onions, chicory root, Asparagus, whole wheat, rye, barley.

Characterstics:-
Should not be hydrolysed or absorbed in the upper part of G.I tract.
Should be a selective substrate for one or a limited number of potentially bacterial
commercial to the colon culture protagonist.
Should be able to alter the colonic microflora towards a healthier composition or
selectively stimulates the growth and or activity of intestinal bacteria associated
with health and well being.

SYNBIOTICS
The live microbial additions (probiotics) may be used in conjunction with
specific substrates (prebiotics) for growth (eg, a fructooligosaccharide in
conjunction with a bifidobacterial strain or lactitol in conjunction with a
lactobacillus organism).
Examples:-
1. Bifidobacteria + FOS
2. Lactobacilli + Lactitol
3. Bifidobacteria + GOS

Indian Probiotic Products
Nesvita Nestle
Prolife Probiotic Dahi Amul
Acti plus Nestle
Bifilac Capsules Tablets India
Ltd
Biors sachets Tablets India Ltd


YAKULT
Japanese probiotic milk-like product made
by fermenting a mixture of skimmed milk
with a special strain of the bacteria
Lactobacillus casei Shirota. (By Minoru
Shirota in 1930). Standard Yakult
(excludes variations such as in Yakult Light)
contains
Sugar (sucrose) to balance sourness with
sweetness.
Skim milk powder
Dextrose
Natural flavours
Live Lactobacillus casei strain Shirota , 6.5
billions per 65 mL bottle (concentration of
108 CFU/mL)
Water

VSL#3
VSL#3 is a high-concentration
probiotic preparation of 8 live,
freeze-dried bacterial strains,
including:
4 strains of Lactobacilli
(L.paracasei, L.plantarum, L.
acidophilus, and L. delbrueckii
subsp. bulgaricus),
3 strains of Bidobacteria (B.
longum, B. breve, and B.
infantis),
and Streptococcus thermophilus.


Institutes engaged in Probiotic
research in India

1. Central Food Technology And Research Institute,
Mysore
2. National dairy research institute, Karnal, Haryana
3. Institute of microbial technology, Chandigarh
4. National dairy development board, Anand, Gujarat
5. Nestle Pvt Ltd, Panipat, Haryana

Future implications of probiotics

Ongoing basic research will continue to identify and characterize existing
strains of probiotics, identifying strain-specific outcomes, determine
optimal doses needed for certain results and assess their stability through
processing and digestion.
Gene technology will certainly play a role in developing new strains, with
gene sequencing allowing for an increased understanding of mechanisms
and functionality of probiotics.
Over time, new food products containing probiotics will emerge such as
energy bars, cereals, juices, infant formula and cheese, as well as disease-
specific medical foods.
CONCLUSION
The understanding on intestinal microbiota, nutrition,
immunity and genetics in health and disease has increased in
last years.
This information will help develop new probiotic strains with
disease specific functions.
Thus, an appropriate selection of probiotic strains is the basic
for the further development of new probiotic products .
In vitro studies are important to assess the safety and
efficiency of probiotics.
Recent advances have been made in the understanding of when
to use probiotics and how they impact specific pathological
states. The concept that probiotic may have benefits in a
multitude of disorders and they exert health promoting effects
has been reported.

REFERENCES
Barry R. Goldin, Sherwood L. Gorbach Probiotics for humansProbiotics
springer 1992, pp 355-376
Eamonn P Culligan, Colin Hill and Roy D Sleator Probiotics and
gastrointestinal disease: successes, problems and future prospects. Gut
Pathogens November 2009
FAO/WHO. Guidelines for the evaluation of probiotics in food. Food
and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations and World Health
Organization. Working Group Report 2002
Jrgen Schrezenmeir and Michael de Vrese Probiotics, prebiotics, and
synbioticsapproaching a definitionAm J Clin Nutr February 2001 vol.
73 no. 2 361s-364s
Maria Carmen Collado, Erika Isolauri, Seppo Salminen and Yolanda Sanz
The Impact of Probiotic on Gut HealthCurrent Drug Metabolism,
2009, 10, 68-78

M David Collins and Glenn R Gibson Probiotics, prebiotics, and
synbiotics: approaches for modulating the microbial ecology of the gut
American Society for Clinical Nutrition 1999;69(suppl):1052S7S
Roy Fuller History and development of probiotics Probiotics springer
1992, pp 1-8
S. Parvez,K.A. Malik, S. Ah Kang,H.-Y. Kim Probiotics and their
fermented food products are beneficial for healthJournal of Applied
Microbiology Volume 100, Issue 6, pages 11711185, June 2006
Sherwood L Gorbach Probiotics and gastrointestinal healthThe
American Journal of Gastroenterology Volume 95, Issue 1, Supplement 1,
January 2000, Pages S2S4
Todd R. Klaenhammer and Martin J. Kullen Selection and design of
probiotics. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 15 September
1999, Pages 45-57
Indian Probiotic Association http://www.probioticindia.com/


Eat Probiotics foods, live healthy
life
So..
Eat the good bugs every
day.
Invite them in..
You will find they make
very friendly
Houseguests.