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38 ATP
686 kcal
6H2O + 6CO2
C6H12O6 + 6O2
Cellular activity
Anabolic Catabolic
Active transport, Muscle
contraction, Locomotion, Respiration
Conduction of impulse,
Cell division, Growth,
Photosynthesis
Anabolic Catabolic
Respiration
is
Catabolic
ATP molecule
ATP
P P P A
gar
Su
Oxidative phosphorylation
ATP
P P P A
gar
Su
Mitochondrion
Mito = Thread, Chondrion = granule
M
1 DNA
I
3 to 5 C
micron
R Intracrestal
O
space
n
Ribosome
ADP+ iP = ATP (70S)
Head piece(100Athick)
Stalk
Base piece (115A in L & 45A in T)
Functions of Mitochondria
• Site of aerobic respiration
• Power House of cell.
• Intermediates for biomolecules.
• Amino acid synthesis.
• Regulation of Calcium.
• Maternal inheritance
• Thermiogenesis.
ATP SYNTHESIS
Matrix
Types of respiration
Aerobic Anaerobic
Complete oxidation Incomplete oxidation
Regular in eukaryotes In bacteria, yeast…
1 glucose gives 38 ATP
CH O
6 12 6 + 6 2O HO O +38 ATP
6 2
End product are simple
+16glucose
C 2
gives 2 ATP
End products are complex
CH O
6 non
12 toxic
6 2 H OH+ 2 O 2 ATP
C2 5 C 2+
, toxic.
Overall reaction
Glycolysis
Krebs cycle
Terminal oxidation
Glycolysis
Reaction was discovered by Embden, Meyerhof and
Paranus (EMP path way).
It is a 9 step mechanism.
Does not require oxygen.
It occurs in cytoplasm.
It is common for both aerobic & anaerobic respiration.
It is first step of respiration .
Glucose(6C) is broken down in to 2 molecules of
PA(3C).
Glycolysis / EMP path way
Glucose
ATP
1 Hexokinase
ADP+ iP
Glucose 6-phosphate
Isomerase
2
Fructose 6-phosphate
Fructose 6-phosphate
ATP
3 Phospho fructo kinase
ADP+ iP
4 Aldolase
3PGAL 3PGAL
DHAP
3PGAL 3PGAL
NAD NAD
5 NADH2 H3PO4
Triose phosphate
dehydrogenase NADH2
1,3-diPGA 1,3-diPGA
ADP+ iP ADP+ iP
3PGA 3PGA
7 Mutase
2PGA 2PGA
2PGA 2PGA
8 H 2O Enolase H2O
PEPA PEPA
ADP+ iP ADP+ iP
9 Kinase
ATP ATP
PA PA
Lactic acid Alcohol Lactic acid
Significance of Glycolysis
There is partial oxidation of glucose without using
O2
Formation 2 PA, 2 NADH2, 2ATP.
Intermediate compound may used in metabolism
like fat, Proteins.
2ATP used & 4 ATP formed directly.
Net gain of 2 ATP directly.
If Aerobic – 2 NADH2 ETS = 6 ATP
Total ATP formed = 10 ATP
2ATP
Oxydative
Acetylation
decarboxylation
It starts in cytoplasm & completed in matrix.
It require 5 co-factors- TPP, lipoic acid, NAD, Co-A,
Mg++
PA(3C) undergoes oxidative decarboxylation to form
Acetyl
Removal of H2 is accepted by NAD to form NADH2
Removal of CO2 results Acetyl (2C).
Acetyl combine with Co-A to form Acetyl Co-A in
perimitochondrial space.
Acetyl Co-A is connecting link between Glycolysis &
Kreb’s cycle. connecting link
2 Pyruvic acid(3C)
CO2
2 NAD
Pyruvate
Pyruvate dehydrogenase
decarboxylase
2 NADH2
TPP
2 Acetyl(2C) Mg++
Lipoic acid
Co-A
2 Acetyl Co-A
Krebs cycle
It is second step in aerobic respiration.
First described by Sir Hans Krebs in 1937 hence Krebs
cycle.
It occurs in the matrix of mitochondrion.
The first formed acid is citric acid hence citric acid cycle.
Enzymes also found in cytoplasm except- Ketoglutaric
dehydrogenase & succinic dehydrogenase
Most of acids with three carboxylic groups hence TCA
cycle.
Acetyl Co-A 2C
O A A 4C Citric acid 6C
NAD H2O
H2 O
NADH2
Cis aconitic acid 6C
Malic acid 4C H2 O
H2O Isocitric acid 6C
NAD
Fumaric acid 4C NADH2
FAD
Oxalo succinic acid 6C
FADH2
CO
Succinic acid 4C 2
ADP NAD Keto
GDP glutaric acid 5C
ATP NADH2
H2O GTP
Co-A Succinyl Co-A 4C Co-A
CO
2 Acetyl Co-A 2C
2
O A A 4C ATP
2 count Citric acid 6C
NAD H2O 2 H2 O
NADH2
2 2 Cis aconitase 6C
24
Malic acid 4C 2 H2 O
H2O
2
Fumaric acid 4C
22
6 6
ETS
4 6 2 NAD
Isocitric acid 6C
2
FAD 2Total
Through
ETS
NADH2
e-
H+
H+
H+
ATP ATP ATP
Inter
memb
space
NAD FAD
AH2 Fe+++ Fe+++ Fe+++ Fe+++ 1/2O2
NADH2 FADH2
H2 O
2H+
Matrix
Terminal oxidation
Significance of ETS
It involve oxidative phosphorylation
34ATP formed by 10 NADH2 & 2 FADH2
Last H2 acceptor is CoQ
H2 splits in to 2H+ & 2e- by CoQ.
2H+ combine with 1/2O2 to form H2O
2e- passed through ETS to form energy.
Prevent damage of cell by over heating.
Total gain of ATP
Glycolysis ---- 2NADH2 ---ETS = 6 ATP
Glycolysis-------2ATP direct = 2 ATP
Acetylation-----2NADH2----ETS = 6 ATP
Krebs cycle----6NADH2------ETS = 18 ATP -
2FADH2 ----ETS = 4 ATP
2ATP direct = 2
ATP
-------------
38 ATP