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Statistics
McClave, Statistics, 11th ed. Chapter 4: Discrete
Random Variables
2
Where Weve Been
Using probability to make inferences
about populations
Measuring the reliability of the
inferences
McClave, Statistics, 11th ed. Chapter 4: Discrete
Random Variables
3
Where Were Going
Develop the notion of a random
variable
Numerical data and discrete random
variables
Discrete random variables and their
probabilities
4.1: Two Types of Random
Variables
A random variable is a variable hat
assumes numerical values associated
with the random outcome of an
experiment, where one (and only one)
numerical value is assigned to each
sample point.
4 McClave, Statistics, 11th ed. Chapter 4:
Discrete Random Variables
4.1: Two Types of Random
Variables
A discrete random variable can assume a
countable number of values.
Number of steps to the top of the Eiffel Tower*
A continuous random variable can
assume any value along a given interval of
a number line.
The time a tourist stays at the top
once s/he gets there
*Believe it or not, the answer ranges from 1,652 to 1,789. See Great Buildings
5 McClave, Statistics, 11th ed. Chapter 4:
Discrete Random Variables
4.1: Two Types of Random
Variables
Discrete random variables
Number of sales
Number of calls
Shares of stock
People in line
Mistakes per page
Continuous random
variables
Length
Depth
Volume
Time
Weight
6 McClave, Statistics, 11th ed. Chapter 4:
Discrete Random Variables
4.2: Probability Distributions
for Discrete Random Variables
The probability distribution of a
discrete random variable is a graph,
table or formula that specifies the
probability associated with each
possible outcome the random variable
can assume.
p(x) 0 for all values of x
Ep(x) = 1
7 McClave, Statistics, 11th ed. Chapter 4:
Discrete Random Variables
4.2: Probability Distributions
for Discrete Random Variables
Say a random variable
x follows this pattern:
p(x) = (.3)(.7)
x-1
for x > 0.
This table gives the
probabilities (rounded
to two digits) for x
between 1 and 10.
x P(x)
1 .30
2 .21
3 .15
4 .11
5 .07
6 .05
7 .04
8 .02
9 .02
10 .01
8 McClave, Statistics, 11th ed. Chapter 4:
Discrete Random Variables
4.3: Expected Values of
Discrete Random Variables
The mean, or expected value, of a
discrete random variable is
( ) ( ). E x xp x = =
2 2 2
[( ) ] ( ) ( ). E x x p x o = =
lose P
win P
On average, bettors lose about a nickel for each dollar they put down on a bet like this.
(These are the best bets for patrons.)
4.4: The Binomial Distribution
A Binomial Random Variable
n identical trials
Two outcomes: Success or Failure
P(S) = p; P(F) = q = 1 p
Trials are independent
x is the number of Successes in n trials
13 McClave, Statistics, 11th ed. Chapter 4:
Discrete Random Variables
4.4: The Binomial Distribution
A Binomial Random
Variable
n identical trials
Two outcomes: Success
or Failure
P(S) = p; P(F) = q = 1 p
Trials are independent
x is the number of Ss in n
trials
Flip a coin 3 times
Outcomes are Heads or Tails
P(H) = .5; P(F) = 1-.5 = .5
A head on flip i doesnt
change P(H) of flip i + 1
14 McClave, Statistics, 11th ed. Chapter 4:
Discrete Random Variables
4.4: The Binomial Distribution
Results of 3 flips Probability Combined Summary
HHH (p)(p)(p) p
3
(1)p
3
q
0
HHT (p)(p)(q) p
2
q
HTH (p)(q)(p) p
2
q (3)p
2
q
1
THH (q)(p)(p) p
2
q
HTT (p)(q)(q) pq
2
THT (q)(p)(q) pq
2
(3)p
1
q
2
TTH (q)(q)(p) pq
2
TTT (q)(q)(q) q
3
(1)p
0
q
3
15 McClave, Statistics, 11th ed. Chapter 4:
Discrete Random Variables
4.4: The Binomial Distribution
The Binomial Probability Distribution
p = P(S) on a single trial
q = 1 p
n = number of trials
x = number of successes
x n x
q p
x
n
x P
|
|
.
|
\
|
= ) (
16 McClave, Statistics, 11th ed. Chapter 4:
Discrete Random Variables
4.4: The Binomial Distribution
The Binomial Probability Distribution
x n x
q p
x
n
x P
|
|
.
|
\
|
= ) (
17 McClave, Statistics, 11th ed. Chapter 4:
Discrete Random Variables
Say 40% of the
class is female.
What is the
probability that 6
of the first 10
students walking
in will be female?
4.4: The Binomial Distribution
1115 .
) 1296 )(. 004096 (. 210
) 6 )(. 4 (.
6
10
) (
6 10 6
=
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
x n x
q p
x
n
x P
18 McClave, Statistics, 11th ed. Chapter 4:
Discrete Random Variables
4.4: The Binomial Distribution
Mean
Variance
Standard Deviation
A Binomial Random Variable has
McClave, Statistics, 11th ed. Chapter 4:
Discrete Random Variables
19
2
np
npq
npq
o
o
=
=
=
4.4: The Binomial Distribution
16 250
250 5 . 5 . 1000
500 5 . 1000
2
~ = =
= = =
= = =
npq
npq
np
o
o
=
= mean number of occurrences in the
given unit of time, area, volume, etc.
e = 2.71828.
=
o
2
=
22 McClave, Statistics, 11th ed. Chapter 4:
Discrete Random Variables
4.5: The Poisson Distribution
1008 .
! 5
3
!
) 5 (
3 5
= = = =
e
x
e
x P
x
\
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
n
N
x n
r N
x
r
x P ) (
where
N = the total number of elements
r = number of successes in the N elements
n = number of elements drawn
X = the number of successes in the n elements
4.6: The Hypergeometric
Distribution
McClave, Statistics, 11th ed. Chapter 4:
Discrete Random Variables
28
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
n
N
x n
r N
x
r
x P ) (
) 1 (
) ( ) (
2
2
=
=
N N
n N n r N r
N
nr
o
\
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
= = = =
F P M P F M P
F P M P
Suppose a customer at a pet store wants to buy two hamsters
for his daughter, but he wants two males or two females (i.e.,
he wants only two hamsters in a few months)
If there are ten hamsters, five male and five female, what is the
probability of drawing two of the same sex? (With hamsters,
its virtually a random selection.)
McClave, Statistics, 11th ed. Chapter 4:
Discrete Random Variables
29