Phase diagrams are the diagrams which indicate the phases
existing in the system at any temperature and composition Plotting is done by using following methods: Thermal analysis Metallography Dialometry X-ray diffraction Magnetic measurement Thermodynamic data analysis Electrical resistivity State: It refers to the present condition of a system. Components: These are the elements present in the system System: A substance or group of substances that are unaffected by surroundings is called a system (or) A part of universe under study . Systems classification: -unary system -binary system -ternary system Variable: A particular phase exists under various conditions of temp, pressure and concentration.
Importance of phase diagrams What phases are in equilibrium for selected alloy composition and at a desired temperature To study the solidification of metals and alloys To determine the chemical composition of each phase To calculate the quantity of each phase that is present Structure changes because of heat treatment Gibbs Phase Rule Under equilibrium condition the following rule must be satisfied, P + F = C + 2 where, P = Number of phases existing in system under consideration F = Degree of freedom i.e., number of variables that can be changed independently without changing the number of phases existing in the system C = Number of components in the system 2 represents two of the variables
Types of cooling curves For pure metals For binary solid solution alloys For binary eutectic alloys For off-eutectic binary alloys Cooling curve for pure metal Cooling curve for binary solid solution alloy Cooling curve for binary eutectic alloys Cooling curve for binary off-eutectic alloys Polymorphism (Allotropy) Variation in temperature and pressure, result in change in crystal structure. Such change in crystal structure is called polymorphism Materials of same composition and of different crystal structures are called polymorphs. Classification of Polymorphic transformations 1. Enantiotropy: These are mutually transformable reversibly at some temp called transition temp. Ex: Fe, Zr, Ti..,. 2. Monotropy: These forms are irreversible in solid state. Ex: Phosphorous, alumina..,. Plotting of equilibrium diagrams 1. Prepare large number of alloys of varying compositions (say 10%)
(1,11 are pure metals and 2-10 are alloys)
%Cu 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 %Ni 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 M. No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 2. Plot cooling curves of the above materials 3. Note down the liquidus and solidus temperatures of these materials 4. Transfer these temperatures to a temp Vs composition graph 5. Draw smooth curves through the L 1 to L 11 and S 1 to S 11 6. And the resulting loop type of curve is called as the equilibrium diagram. Plotting of equilibrium diagrams Lever rule It is used for finding out the amounts of phases existing in a binary system for a given alloy at any temperature under consideration Amount of B = Amount of B + Amount of B in the alloy in the solid in the liquid Z = S x D + L x C = SD + (1-S)C i.e. Z-C = S(D-C) Therefore, S = Z-C = F-C D-C D-C = arm length CF arm length CD = opposite length of arm total length of arm
Amount of solid = arm CF/arm CD Amount of liquid arm FD/arm CD Therefore, amount of solid x arm FD = amount of liquid x arm CF The point F acts as a fulcrum point and the tie line CD acts as a lever arm and hence it is called the lever rule Unary phase diagram Binary phase diagrams Isomorphous systems Eutectic systems Partial eutectic systems Layer type systems Monotectic system Eutectic system Peritectic system Eutectoid system Peritectoid systems Isomorphous system Two components are completely soluble in each other in both liquid and solid states, and exist in a single phase for all composition of the alloy Examples: Cu-Ni, Cu-Au and Au-Ag Eutectic systems Here, the two metals are having complete solubility in the liquid state and complete insolubility in the solid Examples: Pb-As, Bi-Cd, Th-Ti and Au-Si Bi-Cd Binary phase diagram for a eutectic system Cooling of hypoeutectic alloy with Z% B Cooling of eutectic alloy with Z% B Cooling of hypereutectic alloy with Z% B Partial Eutectic System Ag - 6 Cu Ag - 20 Cu Eutectic alloy Layer type system Two metals which show complete insolubility in both liquid and solid states Examples: Cu-Mo, Ag-Fe Monotectic Transformation Other binary transformations Ternary system Applications of phase diagrams To predict M.P and F.P temperatures for any specific alloy composition To determine the number of phases, types of phases, composition of phases present at a specific temperature To calculate the relative amount of phase present in a two phase alloy To predict the microstructure of an alloy at any given temperature To choose the composition to develop best properties Non-equilibrium cooling Coring Prevention of coring Coring is prevented by the following methods: 1.Cooling under equilibrium conditions 2.Annealing after normal solidification Relationship between equilibrium diagram and properties of alloys If there is complete solubility of compounds in solid state: If there is insolubility of components in solid state If there is partial solubility in solid state
Analysis of Intermetallic Swelling On The Behavior of A Hybrid Solution For Compressed Hydrogen Storage  " Part I Analytical Modeling - 2010 - Materials & Design