POWER SYSTEM

An electric power system is a network of electrical

components which comprises of generation,
transmission and distribution.

It is used to supply, transmit and use electric power.

A power system consists of three phase grid to which
all generating station feeds energy and from which all
substations taps energy.

Schematic representation of a typical
transmission distribution scheme
Transmission lines are the links between the
generating system and the distributing system and
lead to other power systems over interconnection.

Distributing system connects all individual loads to
transmission line at substation.

The demand for large amount of power lead to power
system.

Smaller power systems are also found in industry,
hospitals, commercial buildings and homes


The components of power system are:

Alternator
Power transformer
Transmission line
Substation
Distribution transformer
Load


Power system having three main divisions:

Generating system
Transmission system
Distribution system

Classification:

Dc or ac system
Over head or underground system

Generating system:

The generating system is producing electric
power by 3 phase alternators operating in parallel.

This voltage is stepped up and sending
through the transmission line

Transmission system:

Primary transmission
Secondary transmission

Distribution system:

Primary distribution
Secondary distribution

1. Feeders
2. Distributors
3. Service mains
DC SYSTEM:

Advantages:
Ground return is possible
These is greater power per conductor and
simple line construction

Disadvantages:
Converters require considerble reactive power
Hormonics are generated which require filters
AC SYSTEM:

Advantages:
The power can be gentrated at high
voltages
The ac voltage can be steppe d up and
stepped down easily and efficiently with the use of
transformer.
Disadvantages:
The construction of transmission lines is
comparatively difficult
The quantity of copper required is more

The connection of several generating stations is
known as interconnected power system.


A distribution system with multiple available power
sources that can loop throughout the network. If one
source goes down, a different source can be activated
to maintain service.

ADVANTAGES:

Reliability of the supply is increased

Reverse capacity required is reduced

Reduction in total installed capacity

Low captial and maintainance costs
Less number of generators are required as a reserve
for operation at peak loads. Hence the reserve
capacity of the generating station gets reduced.

Less number of generators which are running with out
load are required for meeting the sudden unexpected
increase in load. Hence the spinning reserve of the
generating station gets reduced.

It allows the use of most economical sources of power
depending on the time.




PROBLEMS OF INTERCONNECTION:
It increase the amount of current which flows when a
short circuit occurs on a system and there by request
the installation of breakers which are able to interrupt
a large current


Synchronism between the alternator of all the
interconnected systems must be maintained.

LIMITATIONS:
The interconnection of stations involves extra cost


The problems of load and frequency control are more
difficult in large interconnected system
Single line diagram of
interconnected power system
Structure of power system
Power grid

A grid is an interconnected network for delivering
electricity from suppliers to consumers


An example of an electric power system is the
network that supplies a region's homes and industry
with power - for sizable regions, this power system is
known as the grid



It consists of generating stations that produce
electrical power, high-voltage transmission lines that
carry power from distant sources to demand centers,
and distribution lines that connect individual
customers.
PowerGrid Corporation
of India
The Power Grid
Corporation of India
Limited, is an Indian
state-owned electric
utilities company
headquartered in
Gurgaon, India.
POWERGRID
transmits about 50% of
the total power
generated in India on its
transmission network.
NEED FOR SYSTEM PLANNING AND
OPERATIONAL STUDIES
Load flow analysis

Short circuit analysis or fault calculations

Stability analysis

System protection and relay coordination
NEED FOR SYSTEM ANALYSIS PLANNING
AND OPERATION OF POWER SYSTEM
The operation of a power system depends largely on
the users ability to provide reliable and uninterrupted
service to loads.
Reliability means,that both voltage and frequency
must be held within close tolerance,so that the
consumer equipment may operate satisfactorily.
A large volume of network data must be collected for
planning a power system and these data must be
accurately handled.

Contd.,
The system being planned are to be optical with
respect to cost,performance and operating efficiency.
For this better planning tools are required such as:
Load flow analysis
Short circuit analysis or fault calculation
Stability analysis
System protection and relay coordination

POWER SYSTEM STABILITY

Power system stability is the ability of an electric
power system, for a given initial operating condition,
to regain a state of operating equilibrium after being
subjected to a physical disturbance, with most system
variables bounded so that practically the entire system
remains intact

POWER SYSTEM STABILITY
It is that attribute of power system or the part of the
system which enables it to develop restoring forces
between the elements there of equal to or greater than
the disturbing forces so as to restore a state of
equilibrium between the elements
TYPES OF STABILITY

Rotor angle stability(transient stability, smallsignal
stability)

Frequency stability

Voltage stability(short term, long term, small
disturbance, large disturbance)

LOAD FLOW ANALYSIS
A load flow analysis is used to determine:
Voltage
Current
Real power
Reactive power
Objective:
Identify the potential problems.
The effectiveness of the alternative plans.
FAULT ANALYSIS
Fault Analysis of power system parameters resulting
from a ground or line to line fault somewhere in the
system

Simulator contains a tool for analyzing faults in an
automatic fashion

Can perform single and three phase faults

MAIN OBJECTIVES:
Determine the current interrupting capacity of the
circuit breakers,so that the fault equipment can be
isolated successfully.

Calculate the voltages during faulted conditions that
affect insulation coordination and lightning arrester
applications.

Design the grounding system.
Fault types include:


Single line to ground
Line to line
Double line to ground
Three phase balanced

SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM
A single line diagram is a diagrammatic representation
of power system.

The components of the single line system are
represented by standard symbols and transmission
lines are represented by straight lines.

The purpose of the one line diagram is to supply in
concise from the significant information about the
system.

A balanced 3-phase system is always analyzed on per
phase basis by considering one of the 3-phase lines
and neutral.

In single line representation of power system, the
components of the system are represented by standard
symbols and the transmission lines are represented by
straight lines.

Symbols of single line diagram
PER UNIT SYSTEM
Introduction of per unit system
Formulas for per unit system
Uses of per unit system
Advantages of per unit system
Disadvantages of per unit system
INTRODUCTION
PARAMETERS USED IN ELESTRIC CIRCUITS:

Voltages - KV,MV
Currents - A,KA
Impedence - OHMS,K.OHMS
Power - KW,KVA,MVA