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Torque

A torque () measures the tendency of a


force to rotate an object about some axis
(fulcrum or pivot). A twist.
Depends on:
1. the force applied
2. the length of the lever arm connecting
the axis to the point of force application
3. the angle between the two.


Examples
A screwdriver turning a screw
A bicycle wheel rotating
The hands of a clock
A door opening
A merry-go-round rotating
A propeller on a ship
Application of Torque
The farther the Force is from the
axis, the easier it is to rotate the
object because there is more
torque.
For example, its easier to open a door by
applying force to the edge of the door
than applying the same force closer to the
hinge.

Formula for Torque
= F x d
Where F is the applied Force and d is the
length of the lever arm

Note: A force of 3N applied 2m from the
fulcrum exerts the same torque as 1N
applied 6m from the fulcrum.

the SI unit of torque is the "newton
meter (Nm).
Example:
What is the minimum force needed to
loosen a nut on the wheel of a car, if the
torque has a magnitude of 25 Nm, and
the wrench is 40 cm long?

40 cm x 1m/100 cm = .04 m

F = T/d
F = 25/.04
F = 625 N
Right Hand Rule
The direction of the torque can be
determined by using the right hand grip
rule:
curl the fingers of your right hand to
indicate the direction of rotation, and stick
your thumb out so it is aligned with the
axis of rotation. Your thumb points in the
direction of the torque vector.
Derived Formulas & Net Torque
F = /d
d = /F

net
=
1
+
2

Center of Mass
The center of mass of a system of particles
is a specific point at which the system's mass
behaves as if it were concentrated.
It does not always coincide with its intuitive
geometric center.
In the case of a rigid body, the position of its
center of mass is fixed in relation to the
object.
In the case of a loose distribution of masses
in free space, the position of the center of
mass is a point in space among them.


Moment of Inertia
A measure of how the mass of an object is
distributed and how easy or hard it is to get
the object rotating (its resistance to changes
in rotational motion)
Variable = I
Unit = kgm
2
A derivation of Newtons 2
nd
Law gives us
= I ( I is correlated to mass & to
force; a is acceleration)
And I = / and = / I
Example:
Find the moment of inertia of barrel
rolling down a hill if the torque is 12 Nm
and the acceleration is 5.8 m/s
2
.

I = T/a
I = 12/5.8
I = 2 kgm
2

Moment of Inertia and Torque
The farther the center of mass is
from the axis of rotation the
greater the moment of inertia
and the harder it is to make the
object rotate.
Same as Center of Gravity?
In an entirely uniform
gravitational field, the center of
mass is often called the center
of gravity the point where
gravity can be said to act.



Angular Momentum
Because a rotating object has inertia, it
also has momentum associated with its
rotation.
Ex: Isnt it hard to swing a heavy sledgehammer
and hard to stop it swinging?

When torque is zero, the angular
momentum of a body is constant and
conserved.

The torque on a body determines the rate of
change of its angular momentum.


Angular Momentum Formula
L = r x p or L = I x w
L is the angular momentum of the
particle
r is the radius of the circle
p is the linear momentum of the particle
(P = Mass X Velocity)
I is the moment of inertia
w is angular velocity

Unit is: Nms
derived formulas
R = L/p
I = L/w

p = L/r w = L/I
Example:
What is the angular momentum of a
bicycle wheel with a mass of 20 g and a
diameter of 0.50 m. It is rotating at a
speed of 65 mps.

m = 20 g x 1kg/1000g = 0.02 kg
p = m(v) = 0.02 kg x 65 = 1.3 kgm/s
r = Diameter/2 = 0.50/2 = 0.25 m

L = r(p) = 0.25(1.3) = 0.325 Nms


Angular Momentum
The conservation of angular momentum
explains the angular acceleration of an ice
skater as she brings her arms and legs close
to the vertical axis of rotation.
By bringing part of the mass of her body
closer to the axis she decreases her body's
moment of inertia. Because angular
momentum is constant in the absence of
external torques, the angular velocity
(rotational speed) of the skater has to
increase.

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