DEVELOPMENTS IN

CNC MACHINES
INTRODUCTION
CNC machines are the most standardized form of
manufacturing the parts required to produce a product
and The earliest CNC machines received code
instructions through hard-wired controllers, which
meant that the programming format could not be altered
in 1970 s and in this presentation we can see
developments in the tools, tool holding devices, work
holding devices, machining technique, and reference
measurement etc
ELEMENTS OF A NC SYSTEM
1. PROGRAMMING
2. TOOLING
3. MACHINING
4. TOOL HOLDING
5. WORK HOLDING
6. REFERENCE MEASURING
7. IN PROCESS INSPECTION
1. PROGRAMMING SYSTEMS
O0013
N0005 G53
N0010 T0404
N0020 G57 G00 X26.00 Z0.0 S500 M04
N0030 G01 X-0.20 F100
G01 Linear interpolation (cutting)
X-0.20 Move only in x direction until you pass
the center by 0.1 mm (facing)
F100 Set feed rate to 100 mm/min.
G00 Move rapidly away from work piece (no
cutting) to location x= 23.0 (11.50 from zero)
and z = 2.0.
APT Program Interpretation
Automatic Part Programming: Developments
Software can generate program automatically from model
Make 3D model
Define Tool
CNC data
Simulate
cutting
Part program
Generation and
Machining
Automatic part programming and CNC
Very complex part shapes very large NC program
NC controller memory may not handle HUGE part program
computer feeds few blocks of
NC program to controller
When almost all blocks executed,
controller requests more blocks
2. DEVELOPMENTS IN TOOLING
HSS TOOLS
POLY CRYSTALLINE
DIAMOND TOOLS CEMENTED CARBIDE
3. Conventional machining
Rough machining and semi finishing with the
material in a soft i state (30-40hrc)
Heat treatment to obtain the required hardness (55-
60hrc)
Electron discharge machining of particular zones of
the die or of the matrix with very small rays or very
deep cavities
Finishing of the remaining part of the die
Manual working to obtain the geometry and accuracy
required manual polishing
HIGH SPEED MACHINING
High speed rough machining and semi finishing with
the material in a solid state (30-40hrc)
Heat treatment to obtain required hardness (55-60hrc)
High speed finishing and super finishing with the tool
suitable for the specified material
DEVELOPMENTS IN PROGRAMMING
Cutter dia: 63mm
(3/4th used)
Depth of cut: 6mm
Spindle speed: 800 rpm
Feed rate: 0.6 meters/min
Metal removal rate:
170cm
3/min
Cutter dia: 63mm
(3/4th
used)
Depth of cut: 2mm
Spindle speed: 2800 rpm
Feed rate: 3.8 meters/min
Metal removal rate:
243cm 3/min
High speed machining Conventional machining
HSK : Hohl Shaft Kegel
(German) Means
Hollow Shank Taper
Using centrifugal force
principal and through
coolant holders
USED FOR SPEEDS <10000
4. DEVELOPMENTS IN
TOOL HOLDING DEVICES
BT -50\40 HOLDER

USED FOR SPEEDS
>10000
5. WORK HOLDING DEVICES
DEVELOPMENTS IN WORK HOLDING
DEVICES
Hydraulic clamping
Pneumatic clamping
Vacuum clamping Magnetic clamping
6. REFERENCE MEASURING
Dial gauge : Used for dialing the fixtures and
taking references of the work pieces
Touch probe : Used for taking
References of the work pieces
Which directly enters the
reference values in the work
Coordinates of the machine
7. INPROCESS INSPECTION
The touch probe can inspect the preprogrammed
dimensions in the machine itself and the dimensional
Report can be saved and even taken a Print out.

NC MACHINE OF 1970s
LATEST 5-AXIS CNC MACHINE
5-AXIS MACHINE AT DIFFERENT ORIENTATIONS