INTRODUCTION

Standard group is an establishment of standard

combines. This plant was established in 1973.
Till now it is in progress. New machinery & new
techniques are being installed. Since 1975,
combine manufacture by standard group are
being supplied all over India and Asia. After
seeing the response of farmers & due to
increased use of machinery in agriculture sector,
Standard Group decided to start the production
of tractors in the year of 1999.
COMPANY PROFILE
STANDARD is a well known brand in the field
of Agricultural Machinery and construction
equipment in India today. Standard Corporation
India Limited is a leading manufacturer of
Tractor driven combines, self propelled
harvesters and Tractors. The Standard Group of
Companies led by its Chairman & Managing
Director S. Nachhattar Singh by his younger
brother S. Joginder Singh as Joint Managing
Director. Standard Corporation India Limited is
situated at Standard Chawnk Barnala, Punjab,
India.
TRACTOR
INTODUCTION
A Tractor is a self propelled
vehicle for farmer to do the
works of agriculture.
or
A tractor is an engineering
vehicle specifically designed to
deliver a high tractive effort (or
torque) at slow speeds, for the
purposes of hauling a trailer or
machinery used in agriculture or
construction.
Main parts of TRACTOR
1. Engine


Main parts of TRACTOR'







2. Gear Box
Central gear box
1. In which only 6
gears because in
high and low gear
are not attached.
2. In which one
reverse gear
Side gear box
1. In which 12 gears
because in high
and low gear
attached.
2. In which first four
gears tractor
move in reverse
position
Main parts of TRACTOR
3. Differential
TYPES OF TRACTORS
Types of Tractors
Two types of tractors:

Track Laying


Wheel Tractor
WHEEL TRACTORS
Wheel tractors are identified by three
catagories according to the arrangement
of pulling and steering wheels:

2 wheel Drive
Front Wheel Assist
4 wheel drive
2 WHEEL DRIVE
Two Wheel Drive
tractors are identified
by the larger pulling
wheels in the rear
and smaller steering
Wheels in the front
FRONT WHEEL ASSIST
Front Wheel Assist
tractors can be
recognized by smaller
drive tires on the
front of the tractor
4 WHEEL DRIVE
In 4 Wheel Drive tractors there are
power to be transmitted to the all the
four wheels through transmission
system
Construction of a Tractor
Power Unit :-
It includes a Engine, Fuel supply, cooling,
lubrication system.
Transmission System :-
It includes Clutch, Gear Box, Differential, Power lift
Chassis :-
It includes Frame, Wheel and Steering system
PROJECT: STUDY OF POWER
STEERING IN TRACTORS

The term power steering is usually used to describe a system
that provides mechanical steering assistance to the driver of a
land vehicle, for example, a car or truck. The power steering
system in a vehicle is a type of servomechanism. Power
steering is a hydraulic system for reducing the steering effort
on vehicles by using hydraulic pressure to assist in turning the
wheels. It is intended to provide for easier driving direction
control of the vehicle. For many drivers, turning the steering
wheel in a vehicle that doesn't have power steering requires
more force (torque) than the driver finds comfortable,
especially when the vehicle is moving at a very slow speed.

In a vehicle equipped with power steering, when the driver
turns the steering wheel, he feels only a slight retarding force,
so a vehicle equipped with power steering can be driven by any
healthy driver, even when the vehicle is being parked. This is
because the power steering system furnishes most of the energy
required to turn the steered wheels of the car. 5-6% power
steering is used in tractors

There are two types of power steering systems
1. Electric/Electronic power steering
2. Hydraulic power steering
1. Electric power steering
Electric power steering works with the help of an Electric Motor
and a control unit which has some sensors. The motor runs on
battery and will use electric power to assist the movement of
steering when the driver turns the wheel. Electric power steering
(EPS) is more efficient than the hydraulic power steering, since
the electric power steering motor only needs to provide
assistance when the steering wheel is turned, whereas the
hydraulic pump must run constantly. In EPS, the assist level is
easily tunable to the vehicle type, road speed, and even driver
preference. An added benefit is the elimination of environmental
hazard posed by leakage and disposal of hydraulic power
steering fluid. Also in the event of the engine cutting out, assist
will not be lost whereas hydraulic will stop working,

as well as making the steering doubly heavy
as the driver has to turn the power-assist
mechanism on top of the steering system
itself. Electric power assisted steering
consumes less fuel than conventional
hydraulic power steering systems. EPS
systems also provide the required level of
power assistance when needed, based on
vehicle speed and how quickly the steering
wheel is turned. In this system the
electronic control unit is used to controlling
the steering system as in fig. In electronic
control unit a number of sensors is used to
control the steering system.
2.Hydraulic power steering
Hydraulic power steering (HPS) uses hydraulic pressure
supplied by an engine-driven pump to assist the motion of
turning the steering wheel. Power steering is a hydraulic
system assisting the driver in turning the front wheels. The
system usually consists of a hydraulic pump and fluid
reservoir, a power-actuating mechanism such as a power
cylinder, a control valve arrangement and a series of flexible
hydraulic hoses and couplings to route the hydraulic fluid
under pressure as shown in fig 2.2. The pump derives power
from the engine.
Most power steering systems in tractors today
are hydraulic (that is, the force to turn the
wheels is provided by a hydraulic piston,
which is powered by high pressure hydraulic
fluid), but in a some new tractors, the steering
force is provided by an electric motor.















TRACTOR POWER
STEERING PARTS:-
1)power steering pump
2)steering arms
3)Streeing wheel
4)Tie rod ends bi-metal bushes
5)Manual arm steering system
6)Jacket tube
7)Colum ring bush
8)Guide washer
9)Steering cap
10)Locking plate
11)Dust seat
12)Shaft oil seal
13)Shim
14)Housing

Hydraulic fluid supply from the front
side to the pump
This technique is implementing in tractors model standard 460
and 355.In this system the hydraulic fluid supply to the pump is
from front of the tractor. The individual fluid reservoir is
attached on the front side of tractor with radiator. This is due to
reason so that the surface area of the pipes is to increase for
better cooling purpose. A single gear pump is shown in fig