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DEFINITION
A confined space means :

1. Is not intended as regular workplace (i.e.
continuous employee occupancy)

2. Has restricted means of entry or exit

3. Is large enough and so configured that an
employee can bodily enter and perform assigned
work, and

4. Is at atmospheric pressure during occupancy.

DEFINITION
In addition, this space has at least one of
these characteristics:

1. It contains or has a potential to contain a hazardous
atmosphere
2. It contains material (solid or fluid) that has potential
for engulfing an entrant
3. It has an internal configuration such that an entrant
could be trapped or asphyxiated by inwardly
converging walls or by a floor which slopes downward
and tapers to smaller cross section; or
4. It contains any other recognized serious safety and
health hazards, for example rotors.

Authorized Entrance / Standby
Person
DEFINITION
Authorized Entrance
A trained and competent person who is performing
the job or stationed outside the confined space.

Standby Person
The stanby person monitors the authorised
entrants and performs certain specified additional
tasks. The Standby Person must also be trained by
approved DOSH training provider. AE/SP

Examples of confined space

o Process vessels, tower ,boilers, cooling tower, pipe,
storage tanks, container,

o Spaces located below ground or deck level, such as :
oDrain pits
oSewage pits
oTunnel
oDucts
oTrenches
oWells
oShafts
o Vaults

Confined Space
Inert Entry (Life threatening atmospheres)
Entry into a confined space with an inert
atmosphere
Entry under inert gas(N2)
eg. catalyst removal under nitrogen:
Only specialist contractors will enter and
work in inert atmospheres, with
authorisation from senior site management


Examples of confined space

Definition (Cont.)
Tank Silo Pipeline

Example of Confined Space
Water Pit
C o l o u m
COLUMN
WATER PIT
Example of Confined Space
Open Pit
Furnace Stack
FURNANCE
STACK
OIL PIT
BOILER
Example of Confined Space
mixer
EXAMPLES OF
CONFINED SPACES

Entry into a confined space is a hazardous
activity in the oil and gas business. Entry permit
systems have been in place for years but fatal
accidents continue to happen. An entry permit,
by itself, does not make entry safe.

Workplace safety depends on
people factors !

Why discuss entry ?
Risks of entry
Failure to identify confined space
Failure to isolate the vessel
Failure to isolate internal equipment eg.
mixers
Exposure to explosive, toxic or asphyxiating
atmosphere
Exposure to hazardous materials
Risks associated with work in a confined
space eg. fumes
Inability to exit quickly in emergency
Risk from activities outside the vessel
Radiation
Confined Space
TOP 10 HAZARDS IN A CONFINED SPACE (OSHA)

1. Oxygen deficiency
2. Toxic gases
3. Flammable gases
4. Injury from misused of tools and equipment
5. Bodily injury due to direct contact with chemicals
6. Physical hazards such as slip, trip & falling objects
7. Drowning
8. Noise
9. Electric shock, burns and scalding
10. Excavation collapse

Authorised Entrance Roles & Responsibilities



Follow all Work Permit Conditions and safety
rules
Maintain effective contact with the Safety
Watch.
Immediately exit without question if
instructed to do so by the Standby Person
Must be Trained and Medically Certified.


Confined Space Entry
ENTRY REQUIREMENTS
Training
Employees who are involved in and enter the
confined space, serve as AE, SP, AGT or ES must
undergo confined space safety training approved
by the Department of Occupational Safety and
Health.

All persons working in a confined space must be
certified physically and medically fit by a OSH
medical doctor
Standby Person Roles & Responsibilities

Remain on duty immediately outside the Confined Space
until relieved
Maintain an accurate count of all
persons in the vessel (Entry Log)
Maintain effective contact with the
persons inside the vessel
Monitor activities to confirm that it remains
safe for people to remain inside
Order evacuation if conditions change to
endanger people inside
Summon rescue services in an emergency
Do not enter

CSE Process
Equipment Preparation
Shut down and removal of oil and gas
hazards by depressurising, draining,
Flush, Purge etc.
Acceptable Methods Nitrogen purging,
Water washing, Steaming, etc
All traces of oil, sludge, scale etc
removed
Bleeds/vents open and tested. This
includes level taps, sight glasses,
pressure taps, etc.
Remove surrounding (<15m) hazards
ie. cover drains

CSE Process
Ventilation Requirements
Ventilation is Required Prior to and
During Entry
Use of fans, air eductors,
ducting
Ventilation air supply must be
from a fresh uncontaminated air
supply

Good Ventilation Depends on:
Proper Positioning
Proper Installation
Proper knowledge of vessel and
task
Adequate capacity of the fan, air
mover etc

CSE Process
Opening Requirements
Warning notices posted at all manholes.
Responsible Parties = Operations or Maintenance
Danger
Confined Space
Do Not Enter
Gas testing
Gas testing to be carried out, by competent
person, for oxygen, flammability and
toxic gas (in that order)
Test equipment of suitable design,
regularly inspected, tested /
calibrated and maintained
Limitations of equipment and
test method recognised
High risk areas identified and checked
Tested from outside initially, and then inside
CSE Permit Requirements
No Entry Will Be Allowed Into A
Confined Space Without the
Issuance of a Confined Space Entry
Permit

Oxygen 20% to 20.9%
Combustible <1% LEL
Toxicity < 50% PEL
Gas Test Results Required for a CSE are:
Entry without Breathing Apparatus (BA)
Conditions required:
Gas test results:
Oxygen 20-21% (as atmospheric
air)
Flammable gas less than 10% LEL
Toxic gas less than 50% of PEL
(8 hours exposure)
All traces of oil, sludge, scale etc removed
Conditions not expected to change
Adequate ventilation to maintain atmosphere
If not met, further risk assessment must be
done
Emergency action and rescue
Entry must cease if the emergency siren sounds
First action is to raise the alarm and summon
the emergency services
Only specially selected, fit, trained rescuers
can attempt rescue. Untrained persons
MUST NOT ATTEMPT RESCUE
Self contained breathing apparatus
(SCBA) must be used
If work or entry is stopped for safety
reasons, it must not be restarted until
all tests and checks are repeated and
Main PTW and Entry Checklist reissued
CSE Apr 2007 27
Confined Space Hazards

Lock Out Tag Out
WHAT IS LOCK OUT TAG OUT (LOTO)

A systematic way of controlling energy!
o The placement of a tag and a locking device on an
energy isolating device, e.g. lock & chain on an
isolation valve, electrical breaker locked & open
position, etc.
o To zero the energy

LOCKOUT/TAGOUT (LOTO)

video
TAG

Required for all isolated energy sources

Every craft working on the equipment must
attach a tag

CERTIFICATES
CERTIFICATES
CERTIFICATES TYPES DESCRIPTION VALIDITY
Normal Confine Space Entry
Certificates
Required for confined space
entry work.
7 consecutive days
with revalidation at
each shift
Excavation Certificate Required whenever the depth
of ground to be excavated is
more than 150 mm
7 consecutive days
Radiation Certificate For handling of Ionizing
Radiation Sources.
Lifting Certificate For handling of heavy lifting
work at site.
Critical Lifting lifting activity (>80% of load
chart), single lift or using
multiple cranes,
Road Obstruction /
Closure Certificate
For closure of roads that may
affect the passage of
emergency response vehicles.
CERTIFICATES TYPES DESCRIPTION VALIDITY
Normal
Limitation of Electrical
Access Certificate
For control of works within or
closes to proximity of live
equipment by clearly defining
the scope/boundary of the
works.
7 consecutive days

Portable Equipment
and Temporary
Installation Certificate
Required when portable
equipment is brought into
premises, eg. generator.
CERTIFICATES TYPES DESCRIPTION VALIDITY
Special Electrical Isolation
Certificate
Cover the work on electrical
equipment, especially high
tension systems.
3 months with weekly
revalidation
Physical Isolation
Certificate
Cover the work on process
lines and equipment to ensure
proper isolation is being
carried out.
Safety System Bypass
/ Override (SSB/O)
Certificate
Required if bypassing or
overriding the safety system.