Prentice-Hall 2002 General Chemistry: Chapter 4 Slide 1 of 29

Philip Dutton
University of Windsor, Canada

Prentice-Hall 2002


Chapter 4: Chemical Reactions
General Chemistry
Principles and Modern Applications
Petrucci Harwood Herring
8
th
Edition
Prentice-Hall 2002 General Chemistry: Chapter 4 Slide 2 of 29
Contents
4-1 Chemical Reactions and Chemical Equations
4-2 Chemical Equations and Stoichiometry
4-3 Chemical Reactions in Solution
4-4 Determining the Limiting reagent
4-5 Other Practical Matters in Reaction Stoichiometry
Focus on Industrial Chemistry

Prentice-Hall 2002 General Chemistry: Chapter 4 Slide 3 of 29
4-1 Chemical Reactions and
Chemical Equations
As reactants are converted to products we observe:
Color change
Precipitate formation
Gas evolution
Heat absorption or evolution
Chemical evidence may be necessary.
Prentice-Hall 2002 General Chemistry: Chapter 4 Slide 4 of 29
Chemical Reaction
Nitrogen monoxide + oxygen nitrogen dioxide
Step 1: Write the reaction using chemical symbols.
NO + O
2
NO
2
Step 2: Balance the chemical equation.
2 1 2
Prentice-Hall 2002 General Chemistry: Chapter 4 Slide 5 of 29
Molecular Representation
Prentice-Hall 2002 General Chemistry: Chapter 4 Slide 6 of 29
Balancing Equations
Never introduce extraneous atoms to balance.
NO + O
2
NO
2
+ O

Never change a formula for the purpose of balancing an
equation.
NO + O
2
NO
3
Prentice-Hall 2002 General Chemistry: Chapter 4 Slide 7 of 29
Balancing Equation Strategy
Balance elements that occur in only one
compound on each side first.
Balance free elements last.
Balance unchanged polyatomics as groups.
Fractional coefficients are acceptable and
can be cleared at the end by multiplication.
Prentice-Hall 2002 General Chemistry: Chapter 4 Slide 8 of 29
Example 4-2
Writing and Balancing an Equation: The Combustion of a
Carbon-Hydrogen-Oxygen Compound.
Liquid triethylene glycol, C
6
H
14
O
4
, is used a a solvent and
plasticizer for vinyl and polyurethane plastics. Write a
balanced chemical equation for its complete combustion.
Prentice-Hall 2002 General Chemistry: Chapter 4 Slide 9 of 29
15
2
6 7 C
6
H
14
O
4
+ O
2
CO
2
+ H
2
O 6
2. Balance H.
2 C
6
H
14
O
4
+ 15 O
2
12 CO
2
+ 14 H
2
O
4. Multiply by two
Example 4-2
3. Balance O.
and check all elements.
Chemical Equation:
1. Balance C.
6 7
Prentice-Hall 2002 General Chemistry: Chapter 4 Slide 10 of 29
4-2 Chemical Equations and
Stoichiometry
Stoichiometry includes all the quantitative
relationships involving:
atomic and formula masses
chemical formulas.
Mole ratio is a central conversion factor.

Prentice-Hall 2002 General Chemistry: Chapter 4 Slide 11 of 29
Example 4-3
Relating the Numbers of Moles of Reactant and Product.
How many moles of H
2
O are produced by burning 2.72
mol H
2
in an excess of O
2
?
H
2
+ O
2
H
2
O
Write the Chemical Equation:
Balance the Chemical Equation:
2 2
Use the stoichiometric factor or mole ratio in an equation:
n
H
2
O
= 2.72 mol H
2
= 2.72 mol H
2
O
2 mol H
2
O
2 mol H
2

Prentice-Hall 2002 General Chemistry: Chapter 4 Slide 12 of 29
Example 4-6
Additional Conversion Factors ina Stoichiometric
Calculation: Volume, Density, and Percent Composition.
An alloy used in aircraft structures consists of 93.7% Al
and 6.3% Cu by mass. The alloy has a density of 2.85
g/cm
3
. A 0.691 cm
3
piece of the alloy reacts with an
excess of HCl(aq). If we assume that all the Al but none
of the Cu reacts with HCl(aq), what is the mass of H
2

obtained?
Prentice-Hall 2002 General Chemistry: Chapter 4 Slide 13 of 29
Al + HCl AlCl
3
+ H
2
Write the Chemical Equation:
Example 4-6
Balance the Chemical Equation:
2 6 2 3
Prentice-Hall 2002 General Chemistry: Chapter 4 Slide 14 of 29
2 Al + 6 HCl 2 AlCl
3
+ 3 H
2
Example 4-6
Plan the strategy:
cm
3
alloy g alloy g Al mole Al mol H
2
g H
2

We need 5 conversion factors!

Write the Equation
m
H
2
= 0.691 cm
3
alloy
2.85 g alloy
1 cm
3

97.3 g Al
100 g alloy
1 mol Al
26.98 g Al
3 mol H
2

2 mol Al
2.016 g H
2

1 mol H
2

= 0.207 g H
2

and Calculate:
Prentice-Hall 2002 General Chemistry: Chapter 4 Slide 15 of 29
4-3 Chemical Reactions in Solution
Close contact between atoms, ions and
molecules necessary for a reaction to occur.

Solvent
We will usually use aqueous (aq) solution.
Solute
A material dissolved by the solvent.
Prentice-Hall 2002 General Chemistry: Chapter 4 Slide 16 of 29
Molarity
Molarity (M) =
Volume of solution (L)
Amount of solute (mol solute)
If 0.444 mol of urea is dissolved in enough water to make
1.000 L of solution the concentration is:

c
urea
=
1.000 L
0.444 mol urea
= 0.444 M CO(NH
2
)
2

Prentice-Hall 2002 General Chemistry: Chapter 4 Slide 17 of 29
Preparation of a Solution
Weigh the solid sample.
Dissolve it in a volumetric flask partially filled with solvent.
Carefully fill to the mark.

Prentice-Hall 2002 General Chemistry: Chapter 4 Slide 18 of 29
Calculating the mass of Solute in a solution of Known
Molarity.
We want to prepare exactly 0.2500 L (250 mL) of an 0.250 M
K
2
CrO
4
solution in water. What mass of K
2
CrO
4
should we
use?
Plan strategy:
Example 4-6
Volume moles mass
We need 2 conversion factors!
Write equation and calculate:
m
K
2
CrO
4
= 0.2500 L = 12.1 g
0.250 mol
1.00 L
194.02 g
1.00 mol
Prentice-Hall 2002 General Chemistry: Chapter 4 Slide 19 of 29
Solution Dilution
M
i
V
i
= n
i
M
i
V
i
M
f
V
f
= n
f
= M
f
V
f
M
i
V
i
M
f
=
V
f

= M
i

V
i
V
f

M =
n

V
Prentice-Hall 2002 General Chemistry: Chapter 4 Slide 20 of 29
Preparing a solution by dilution.
A particular analytical chemistry procedure requires 0.0100 M
K
2
CrO
4
. What volume of 0.250 M K
2
CrO
4
should we use to
prepare 0.250 L of 0.0100 M K
2
CrO
4
?
Calculate:
V
K
2
CrO
4
= 0.2500 L = 0.0100 L
0.0100 mol
1.00 L
1.000 L
0.250 mol
Example 4-10
Plan strategy:
M
f
=
M
i

V
i
V
f

V
i
=
V
f

M
f
M
i

Prentice-Hall 2002 General Chemistry: Chapter 4 Slide 21 of 29
4-4 Determining Limiting Reagent
The reactant that is completely consumed
determines the quantities of the products
formed.

Prentice-Hall 2002 General Chemistry: Chapter 4 Slide 22 of 29
Determining the Limiting Reactant in a Reaction.
Phosphorus trichloride , PCl
3
, is a commercially important
compound used in the manufacture of pesticides, gasoline
additives, and a number of other products. It is made by the
direct combination of phosphorus and chlorine
P
4
(s) + 6 Cl
2
(g) 4 PCl
3
(l)
What mass of PCl
3
forms in the reaction of 125 g P
4
with
323 g Cl
2
?
Example 4-12
Strategy: Compare the actual mole ratio
to the required mole ratio.
Prentice-Hall 2002 General Chemistry: Chapter 4 Slide 23 of 29
Example 4-12
n
Cl
2
= 323 g Cl
2
= 4.56 mol Cl
2

1 mol Cl
2

70.91 g Cl
2

n
P
4
= 125 g P
4
= 1.01 mol P
4

1 mol P
4

123.9 g P
4

actual
= 4.55 mol Cl
2
/mol P
4

theoretical
= 6.00 mol Cl
2
/mol P
4



Chlorine gas is the limiting reagent.
n
n
=
P
4
Cl
2
Prentice-Hall 2002 General Chemistry: Chapter 4 Slide 24 of 29
4-5 Other Practical Matters in
Reaction Stoichiometry
Theoretical yield is the expected yield from a reactant.
Actual yield is the amount of product actually produced.
Percent yield

=

100%
Actual yield
Theoretical Yield
Prentice-Hall 2002 General Chemistry: Chapter 4 Slide 25 of 29
Theoretical, Actual and Percent Yield
When actual yield = % yield the reaction is
said to be quantitative.
Side reactions reduce the percent yield.
By-products are formed by side reactions.

Prentice-Hall 2002 General Chemistry: Chapter 4 Slide 26 of 29
Consecutive Reactions,
Simultaneous Reactions and
Overall Reactions
Multistep synthesis is often unavoidable.
Reactions carried out in sequence are called
consecutive reactions.
When substances react independently and at
the same time the reaction is a
simultaneous reaction.
Prentice-Hall 2002 General Chemistry: Chapter 4 Slide 27 of 29
Overall Reactions and Intermediates
The Overall Reaction is a chemical equation
that expresses all the reactions occurring in
a single overall equation.
An intermediate is a substance produced in
one step and consumed in another during a
multistep synthesis.
Prentice-Hall 2002 General Chemistry: Chapter 4 Slide 28 of 29
Focus on Industrial Chemistry
Prentice-Hall 2002 General Chemistry: Chapter 4 Slide 29 of 29
Chapter 4 Questions
1, 6, 12, 25, 39,
45, 53, 65, 69, 75,
84, 94, 83, 112