Part 2 The Splanchnology

Chapter 2
ALIMENTARY SYSTEM

Li yueying

Department of human anatomy

Medical school of xi’an jiaotong
ⅠGeneral Description
* Constituents: two parts
Alimentary canal:
the mouth, the pharynx,
the esophagus, the stomach,

the small and large

intestines
Digestive glands:
the salivary glands, liver
and pancreas
* Functions: ingest foods, secrete

enzymes, absorb nutrients and

The Contents in the Mouth

Teeth
Permanent teeth
Deciduous teeth

The Structure
Crown
Root
Neck of teeth
The floor of the
mouth----tongue
Inferior surface of tongue:
the Frenulum of tongue
the Sublingual caruncle

the Sublingual folds

The Palate
Hard palate ----
anterior 2/3
Soft palate -----
posterior 1/3
Uvula
Palatoglossal arch
Palatopharyngeal arch
Isthmus of fauces ----
uvula
free margin of palatine velum
palatoglossal arch
root of tongue.
 The Tongue
3 parts---root, apex and body
(dorsum and inferior
surface)
Dorsum: V-shaped terminal

sulcus
4 kinds of papillae----
Filiform papillae
Fungiform papillae
The Salivary glands
The Name
Position
Opening of its duct

The Parotid gland

The Sublingual gland

The Submandibular
The pharynx
Position: in front of the 1~6th cervical vertebrae
Parts: Nasopharynx The
Oropharynx pharynx
Laryngopharynx
Feature and structures:
nasal part----pharyngeal opening of auditory tube
tubal torus and Pharyngeal recess
oral par---palatine tonsil
laryngeal part---piriform recess
Communication of pharynx:
Forward: nasal cavity----through choanae
oral cavity----through isthmus of fauces
laryngeal cavity----through aperture of larynx
Downward: esophagus
Laterally: tympanic cavity ----through pharyngeal opening of
auditory tube
 The Esophagus
3 parts: cervical, thoracic and
abdominal parts
3 strictures
1st----at its commencement, 15cm
from the incisor teeth
2nd----where is crossed by the left
principal bronchus
anteriorly,
25cm from the incisor teeth
3rd----where it passes through the
diaphragm, 40cm from the
The Stomach liver
 * the most dilated part of sto
m ac
 alimentary canal, situated h
 between the end of the
 esophagus and beginning
 of the small intestine great omentum
 * Position: in abdomen
 ¼-- at epigastric region
 ¾-- at left hypochondriac

cardiac orifice– at left side of 11th thoracic vertebra

pyloric orifice– at right side of 1st lumbar vertebra
*The Shape and Portions
two openings— cardia
pylorus
two curvatures— greater
lesser
two surfaces— anterior
posterior
4 parts—
fundus
body
cardiac part
pyloric part— canal
sinus
The structures of the wall of stomach
4 layers ----
mucosa: mucous folds
longitudinal mucous folds
pyloric valve
submucosa
muscular layers inner oblique layer
intermediate circular layer
pyloric sphincter
outer longitudinal layer
serous membrane
 The duodenum
C-shaped
4 parts----superior
descending
horizontal
ascending
Descending part
Longitudinal fold of

duodenum
Major duodenal
papilla
Jejunum and Ileum
solitary lymphatic follicles
aggregated lymphatic follicles
Colon: 4 parts----
Ascending colon
Transverse colon
Descending colon
Sigmoid colon
The structures of the colon
Colic bands
Haustras of colon
Epiploic appendices
Vermiform
Position: right iliac or inguinal region

Surface projection

(root of vermiform
appendix)
McBurney’s point
 The
It lies in therectum
posterior part
of less pelvis, anterior to the
sacrum and coccyx
Two flexures
Sacral flexure
Perineal flexure
The transverse folds of
rectum
Ampulla of rectum
The Cecum
The ileocecal
valve
The Anal
Canal
Anal columns
Anal valves
Anal sinuses
Dentate line
Anal pectin
White line
The Liver
The shape of the liver:

--- cuniform:
2 extremities :
right (larger)
left (small)
2 surfaces:
diaphragmatic
surface
visceral surface
2 borders:
anterior border
• diaphragmatic (superior) surface:
--- 2 ligaments:
falciform ligament
coronary ligament (right and left triangular
ligaments)
--- 2 lobes:
right lobe (large)
left lobe (small)
--- bare area
• visceral (inferior) surface:
--- “H” shaped groove:
the fissure for ligamentum teres hepatis
the fissure for ligamentum venosum
the fossa for gallbladder
the sulcus for
vena cava
the secondary
porta of liver
(porta hepatis)
• hepatic veins
• visceral (inferior) surface:
--- “H” shaped groove:
the transverse fissure (1st porta hepatis)
• proper hepatic artery
• hepatic ducts
• hepatic portal v.
• nerves, lymphatic
vessels
the 4 lobes:
• the right and left lobes
• the caudate lobe
• the quadrate lobe
• The anterior border:
--- the notch for ligamentum teres hepatis
--- the notch for gallbladder
The Extrahepatic apparatus
The gallbladder
fundus
body
neck
cystic duct
The left hepatic duct
The right hepatic duct
The common hepatic duct
The hepatopancreatic ampulla
The major duodenal papilla
The formation and structures of extrahepatic apparatus