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Plasmodium
Toxoplasma
Plasmodium
• Plasmodium vivax
• Plasmodium falciparum
• Plasmodium malariae
• Plasmodium ovale
Plasmodium
Morpology Diagnosis
symptom Prevention
Introduction
• About 130 species reported
• Cause malaria
Life Cycle
Morphology
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Life cycle Mosq.
biting
tachysporozoite schizont merozoite
bradysporozoite
In human
Sleeping
stage hepatic cell
Small T.
sporozoite
merozoite In RBC Large
oocyst Human T.
ookinete Schizont
In gamete gametocytes
Mosquito Mosq.
zygote
biting
1. Small T. 2. Large T. 3. Immature S.
Small Trophozoite
P. v. P. f.
Difference in Large T. between P. v. and P. f.
Large Trophozoite
P. v. P. f.
Difference in gametocytes between P. v. and P. f.
male female
P. v.
P. f.
1. Plasmodium needs 2 hosts:
2. In human,it live in:
3. In mosquito, it live in:
4. Infective stage:
5. Modes of infection:
6. Vector of malaria:
7. Sporozoites be grouped into:
Length of the Development periods
in hepatic cell in RBC
Pv 7d 48 h
Pf 6d 36-48 h
Pm 12.5 d 72 h
Po 9d 48 h
1. Incubation period
P.f. : 7-27 d
P.v. : 11-25 d, 6-12 m
P.m. : 18-35 d
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2. Typical paroxysm
The process shows a succession of 3 stages :
• The cold stage: chill, 30 –60 min
• The hot stage: fever, 3-4 h
• The sweating stage: sweating, defervescence ,
1-2 h
• Interval: no symptoms, regular length
Characteristics of malaria paroxysm
• Perform periodicity
• P.v. and P.o. malaria paroxysm take
place once every 2 days
• P.m. malaria once every 3 days
• P.f. malaria once every 36-48 hours
3. Anemia
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Epidemiology
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1. Distribution
• Malaria widely distributed in the world,
especially in tropic and sub-tropic area
• About 2 billion people in 100 countries are at
the risk of infection with malaria.
• It was estimated that about 120 million
patients were suffering with malaria, and 300
million persons were carriers. About 1 million
children died of this disease every year.
• Sources of infection : the patients and
carriers with gametocytes in blood
• Modes of infection: by mosquito bites; by
blood transfusion
• Vector: Anopheles
• easily infected masses : children and
immigrations
• Natural factors:
air temperature, precipitation rain fall
• Social factors:
politics, economic condition, culture,
conditions of sanitation,population flotation,
etc
Treatment and prevention
1. Treat the patients
• Chloroquine, Piperaquine
• Primaquine
• Pyrimethamine
2. Take control of mosquito
• Eradicate the breeding place of mosquitoes
• Spray insecticides
• Use mosquito nets, screen or mosquito
repellents.
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3. Protect people from infection
Taking Pyrimethamine
Development and Application of malaria
vaccine
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Toxoplasma gondii
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Introduction
In mosq.
In man
TS ST
BS LT
Sleeping In RBC
stage
IS
Hepatic cell MS
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Oocysts Outside the stomach wall of a mosquito
zygote
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Sporozoites in mosquito’s mouth
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Trophozoites of T. gondii
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Cyst and Pseudocyst
Cyst Pseudocyst
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T. gondii oocyst :
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epithelium
schizont merozoite
In tachyzoite gametocyte
cat bradyzoites
Sporozoite
oocyst
oocyst
In Sporozoite
man,
Trophozoite
mice,
cyst Pseudocyst
pig
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Deformation of infant
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Inflammation of colon
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Inflammation of retina
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